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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Meteorology. Meteorology = the study of meteors?. Meteoros = anything high in the air Meteorologists study: Hydrometeors: rain, snow, sleet, hail Lithometeors: dust, smoke, haze, particles Electrometeors: lightning, thunder Weather (short term) vs. climate (long term).

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Meteorology

  2. Meteorology = the study of meteors? • Meteoros = anything high in the air • Meteorologists study: • Hydrometeors: rain, snow, sleet, hail • Lithometeors: dust, smoke, haze, particles • Electrometeors: lightning, thunder • Weather (short term) vs. climate (long term)

  3. Imbalanced heating • What makes summer warmer than winter? • Number of hours of daylight and angle of the sun’s rays

  4. Air masses • Movement of air and water distribute heat around the earth • Air masses take on the properties of their source regions. • Polar = cold • Tropical = warm • Maritime = humid • Continental = dry • Arctic: very cold/dry

  5. Coriolis Effect • Moving air curves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere • Creates global wind systems: • Polar easterlies • Westerlies • Trade winds • Horse latitudes • Equatorial low (ITCZ)

  6. Jet Streams • Narrow bands of fast westerly wind • Position varies seasonally • Polar and subtropical • Storms form along jet stream paths

  7. Weather Fronts Stationary front

  8. Pressure Systems • In a low pressure system, air rises, cools and forms clouds • Air sinks in a high pressure system, usually associated with fair weather

  9. Weather Observation Systems • Automated surface observing system • Radiosonde (upper atmosphere weather balloon) • Weather radar (including doppler) • Weather satellites (infrared, visible and water-vapor imagery)

  10. Weather Data • Temperature (thermometer) • Air pressure (barometer) • Wind speed (anemometer) • Relative humidity (hygrometer)

  11. Weather Station Models • A station model is a record of weather data for a specific place at a specific time • Uniform way of communicating weather data • Lots of information in a small space

  12. Map with weather stations

  13. Same map with Isotherms

  14. Same map with Isobars

  15. Short and Long Term Forecasts Short-term Long-term Less reliable because of great number of variables involved Based on large scale circulation patterns and weather cycles • More detailed and accurate • Hourly forecast based on present weather • One- to three-day forecasts based on larger systems such as low pressure systems

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