Cracking the code: The Speed Gene Revealed

2. Cracking the code: The Speed Gene Revealed Dr. Emmeline Hill Equinome Ltd., NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Belfield, Dublin 4 Email: Emmeline.Hill@equinome.com

3. The horse genome: the complete complement of genetic material

4. TTATATTTCCCTAATTATACAGCACTAAAAATAATTTAATACAACAAATACAATTCTTTCTATTTCAAATGTTTGCCTAAATAATATAAAATCTTAATTTCTGAGGAAGTAACATTTCAACTTTTTTAAGTATGAAGTGTAAATTAAGATTTACTTATTTAAATTATAACTTGAGTTTCACATATAAAGATAAGATTTAAGTGTAGTTTATTTTATTGTTAACACAGACTTTAATTTTTCAAATATCACATTATCTTTCTTATTTATAGATTTATTTCTTTTATGAAGTAGTCAAATGAATCAGCTCACCCTTGACTGTAACAAAATACTGTTTGGTGACTTGTGACAGACAGGGTTTTAACCTCTGACAGCGAGATTCATTGTGGAGCAGGAGCCAATCATAGATCCTGACGACACTTGTCTCATCAAAGTTGGAATATAAAAAGCCACTTGGAATACAGTATAAAAGATTCACTGGTGTGGCAAGTTGTCTCTCAGACTGTACAGGCATTAAAATTTTGCTTGGCATTGCTCAAAAGCAAAAGAAAAGTAAAAGGAAGAAATAAGAGCAAGGAAAAAGATTGAACTGATTTTAAAATCTGCAAAAACTGCAAATCTATGTTTATATTTACCTGTTTGTGCTGATTCTTGCTGGTCCAGTGGATCTAAATGAGAACAGCGAGCAAAAAGAAAATGTGGAAAAAGAGGGGCTGTGCAATGCATGTACTTGGAGACAAAACACTAAATCTTCAAGAATAGAAGCCATAAAAATTCAAATCTCAGTAAACTGCGCCTGGAAACAGCTCCTAACATCAGCAAAGATGCTATTAGACAACTTTTGCCCAAAGCTCCTCCACTCCGGGAACTGATTGATCAGTACGATGTCCAGAGAGATGACAGCAGTGATGGCTCTTTGGAAGATGATGATTACCACGCGACGACGGAAACAATCATTACCATGCCTACAGAGTGTAAGTAGTCCTGTTAGTGTATATCAACAATTCTGCTGACTGTTGTTCTAGTGTTTATGAGAAACAGATCTATTTTCAGGCTCTTTTAACAAGCTGTTGGCTTGTATGTAAGCAGGAAGGAAAAGAGTTTCTTTTTTTCAAGATTTCATGAGAAATTTACTAATGAGACTGAAATCTGCTGCATTATTTGTTTTCTTAGAGAGCTAAAAAGCTAAACAAAATAAAATTCTTGCACAGCATTAATATTATTTAGTTTAATATGACAAATATAACATGCTTATGCTTTCACAGCTTAATACCACCAAGGCAAAAATTGGGAGATAGTACAAGCAATGTTAAAAACTTACATGAGATTTCATAATTGCGTTTGGTTGCCTAAAATAAGCATTTATAATAACAAGTTTTTTTCACTAATAATAGAGAAGGAAGAAATTTGTAGACGTTTAGGTCATTTGAGCATTTGCTGAACACCAAAATGACTTCTGTTACTCAAAACTATTTCTCATAGTGTTTTTATGTTCTTCACAAATTAACATATTAGATTTTGAAAGTTATTCCCCTGGAGATTAGGAAAAATATTTTTTAAAATTTAATGTATTAGTAAGAAAAATGATGAAGTAAACATAGCATAATGATAATCATGAGCTAATTATCATAAAATGCCTAATAAATAAACATTTTAATCAAAGAGGTTATAGCTCAGAGTCCTGCTTACACCTTGACCATAGTACTATTGTTGAGAGCACCCGGGGTGCACATTTCCAGGCAGGCACATTGCTTAATAATCTCCTAAAATACAATTTTATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACTACCTGTAGTATCTATATTGCTTCTGAAAGATAATATATTTCATATATTCTTTTTGCAGTCAGTTCATAACTACACTCAAGGAAAGGGAGACAGACACCTTCACAGAGAAGGCATGACACGGAAGATTCTGTGCCATGTGTCTGCGATCCTGCTTTACCCAGTGCTTTATCTACTTTAAACAGGACACAACAGTTTCAAAATATTGTTCTCCTTATTAAGTAATCAGGTTATAATGCACCAAATAATTTTCCTTTATGACTCTGCTATCAAATAGTCCTGGAGTAGATTTACCTTATTTATAAACAATCTTGGGGAACCAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCTAGTGATTTTGCTCACAATGACAGCCTGGCTCTAAAGACAGTATTTTCTAACTTTTGAGATAGCCTGAATATAACATTCAAATTTTTGTGCTAATTACTTGCTTAGCTTTGTTCCTTTAAAAGGCTATTCCAAAGCCAAAACATAACAGATGTACTATATTTTCTCTTAATTCCCGAGGCTCAGTTAGTTCCTCAGTGTGTCTTGTCCCCAGGTAATTCAGGCCTGGGGGAAGGGTTCCTTCTTCCAGACTGATTGGTACAGCTGCTCAGTAAGTGTAACTACTCAGATTCCCAAAGAATTCTAAGTGGATGTTCCTCCACGGTGTCTCTTGTTCTCTCTAATCATCATCATTTTAAAATTTCATCCACAGTTCATTCCTTCATAGAATTTTCCTTAGTTCACAGTTTTCTGGAAAAGAAGTAGATTCCTCATAAACAGCTGAAAAAACATATATCAAAAATTCTGAAAGGCTAGAGTAATTATATTCTTTGATATTTTTCTGAGTTATGAATGAAATTCTACATAGTTTTTCACTTTAAAAGACTAAATATATATTCAGTATTCCAATGGAAAAAAAATGTTCACCAACTAATATGGAAGGGTTTACTAATTTTTTATGATAAATAATTTCAATAACTCTTTTTCTTTTCTTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATTTCCCTAATTATACAGCACTAAAAATAATTTAATACAACAAATACAATTCTTTCTATTTCAAATGTTTGCCTAAATAATATAAAATCTTAATTTCTGAGGAAGTAACATTTCAACTTTTTTAAGTATGAAGTGTAAATTAAGATTTACTTATTTAAATTATAACTTGAGTTTCACATATAAAGATAAGATTTAAGTGTAGTTTATTTTATTGTTAACACAGACTTTAATTTTTCAAATATCACATTATCTTTCTTATTTATAGATTTATTTCTTTTATGAAGTAGTCAAATGAATCAGCTCACCCTTGACTGTAACAAAATACTGTTTGGTGACTTGTGACAGACAGGGTTTTAACCTCTGACAGCGAGATTCATTGTGGAGCAGGAGCCAATCATAGATCCTGACGACACTTGTCTCATCAAAGTTGGAATATAAAAAGCCACTTGGAATACAGTATAAAAGATTCACTGGTGTGGCAAGTTGTCTCTCAGACTGTACAGGCATTAAAATTTTGCTTGGCATTGCTCAAAAGCAAAAGAAAAGTAAAAGGAAGAAATAAGAGCAAGGAAAAAGATTGAACTGATTTTAAAATCTGCAAAAACTGCAAATCTATGTTTATATTTACCTGTTTGTGCTGATTCTTGCTGGTCCAGTGGATCTAAATGAGAACAGCGAGCAAAAAGAAAATGTGGAAAAAGAGGGGCTGTGCAATGCATGTACTTGGAGACAAAACACTAAATCTTCAAGAATAGAAGCCATAAAAATTCAAATCTCAGTAAACTGCGCCTGGAAACAGCTCCTAACATCAGCAAAGATGCTATTAGACAACTTTTGCCCAAAGCTCCTCCACTCCGGGAACTGATTGATCAGTACGATGTCCAGAGAGATGACAGCAGTGATGGCTCTTTGGAAGATGATGATTACCACGCGACGACGGAAACAATCATTACCATGCCTACAGAGTGTAAGTAGTCCTGTTAGTGTATATCAACAATTCTGCTGACTGTTGTTCTAGTGTTTATGAGAAACAGATCTATTTTCAGGCTCTTTTAACAAGCTGTTGGCTTGTATGTAAGCAGGAAGGAAAAGAGTTTCTTTTTTTCAAGATTTCATGAGAAATTTACTAATGAGACTGAAATCTGCTGCATTATTTGTTTTCTTAGAGAGCTAAAAAGCTAAACAAAATAAAATTCTTGCACAGCATTAATATTATTTAGTTTAATATGACAAATATAACATGCTTATGCTTTCACAGCTTAATACCACCAAGGCAAAAATTGGGAGATAGTACAAGCAATGTTAAAAACTTACATGAGATTTCATAATTGCGTTTGGTTGCCTAAAATAAGCATTTATAATAACAAGTTTTTTTCACTAATAATAGAGAAGGAAGAAATTTGTAGACGTTTAGGTCATTTGAGCATTTGCTGAACACCAAAATGACTTCTGTTACTCAAAACTATTTCTCATAGTGTTTTTATGTTCTTCACAAATTAACATATTAGATTTTGAAAGTTATTCCCCTGGAGATTAGGAAAAATATTTTTTAAAATTTAATGTATTAGTAAGAAAAATGATGAAGTAAACATAGCATAATGATAATCATGAGCTAATTATCATAAAATGCCTAATAAATAAACATTTTAATCAAAGAGGTTATAGCTCAGAGTCCTGCTTACACCTTGACCATAGTACTATTGTTGAGAGCACCCGGGGTGCACATTTCCAGGCAGGCACATTGCTTAATAATCTCCTAAAATACAATTTTATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACTACCTGTAGTATCTATATTGCTTCTGAAAGATAATATATTTCATATATTCTTTTTGCAGTCAGTTCATAACTACACTCAAGGAAAGGGAGACAGACACCTTCACAGAGAAGGCATGACACGGAAGATTCTGTGCCATGTGTCTGCGATCCTGCTTTACCCAGTGCTTTATCTACTTTAAACAGGACACAACAGTTTCAAAATATTGTTCTCCTTATTAAGTAATCAGGTTATAATGCACCAAATAATTTTCCTTTATGACTCTGCTATCAAATAGTCCTGGAGTAGATTTACCTTATTTATAAACAATCTTGGGGAACCAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCTAGTGATTTTGCTCACAATGACAGCCTGGCTCTAAAGACAGTATTTTCTAACTTTTGAGATAGCCTGAATATAACATTCAAATTTTTGTGCTAATTACTTGCTTAGCTTTGTTCCTTTAAAAGGCTATTCCAAAGCCAAAACATAACAGATGTACTATATTTTCTCTTAATTCCCGAGGCTCAGTTAGTTCCTCAGTGTGTCTTGTCCCCAGGTAATTCAGGCCTGGGGGAAGGGTTCCTTCTTCCAGACTGATTGGTACAGCTGCTCAGTAAGTGTAACTACTCAGATTCCCAAAGAATTCTAAGTGGATGTTCCTCCACGGTGTCTCTTGTTCTCTCTAATCATCATCATTTTAAAATTTCATCCACAGTTCATTCCTTCATAGAATTTTCCTTAGTTCACAGTTTTCTGGAAAAGAAGTAGATTCCTCATAAACAGCTGAAAAAACATATATCAAAAATTCTGAAAGGCTAGAGTAATTATATTCTTTGATATTTTTCTGAGTTATGAATGAAATTCTACATAGTTTTTCACTTTAAAAGACTAAATATATATTCAGTATTCCAATGGAAAAAAAATGTTCACCAACTAATATGGAAGGGTTTACTAATTTTTTATGATAAATAATTTCAATAACTCTTTTTCTTTTCTTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAAATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGATTATATTTCCCTAATTATACAGCACTAAAAATAATTTAATACAACAAATACAATTCTTTCTATTTCAAATGTTTGCCTAAATAATATAAAATCTTAATTTCTGAGGAAGTAACATTTCAACTTTTTTAAGTATGAAGTGTAAATTAAGATTTACTTATTTAAATTATAACTTGAGTTTCACATATAAAGATAAGATTTAAGTGTAGTTTATTTTATTGTTAACACAGACTTTAATTTTTCAAATATCACATTATCTTTCTTATTTATAGATTTATTTCTTTTATGAAGTAGTCAAATGAATCAGCTCACCCTTGACTGTAACAAAATACTGTTTGGTGACTTGTGACAGACAGGGTTTTAACCTCTGACAGCGAGATTCATTGTGGAGCAGGAGCCAATCATAGATCCTGACGACACTTGTCTCATCAAAGTTGGAATATAAAAAGCCACTTGGAATACAGTATAAAAGATTCACTGGTGTGGCAAGTTGTCTCTCAGACTGTACAGGCATTAAAATTTTGCTTGGCATTGCTCAAAAGCAAAAGAAAAGTAAAAGGAAGAAATAAGAGCAAGGAAAAAGATTGAACTGATTTTAAAATCTGCAAAAACTGCAAATCTATGTTTATATTTACCTGTTTGTGCTGATTCTTGCTGGTCCAGTGGATCTAAATGAGAACAGCGAGCAAAAAGAAAATGTGGAAAAAGAGGGGCTGTGCAATGCATGTACTTGGAGACAAAACACTAAATCTTCAAGAATAGAAGCCATAAAAATTCAAATCTCAGTAAACTGCGCCTGGAAACAGCTCCTAACATCAGCAAAGATGCTATTAGACAACTTTTGCCCAAAGCTCCTCCACTCCGGGAACTGATTGATCAGTACGATGTCCAGAGAGATGACAGCAGTGATGGCTCTTTGGAAGATGATGATTACCACGCGACGACGGAAACAATCATTACCATGCCTACAGAGTGTAAGTAGTCCTGTTAGTGTATATCAACAATTCTGCTGACTGTTGTTCTAGTGTTTATGAGAAACAGATCTATTTTCAGGCTCTTTTAACAAGCTGTTGGCTTGTATGTAAGCAGGAAGGAAAAGAGTTTCTTTTTTTCAAGATTTCATGAGAAATTTACTAATGAGACTGAAATCTGCTGCATTATTTGTTTTCTTAGAGAGCTAAAAAGCTAAACAAAATAAAATTCTTGCACAGCATTAATATTATTTAGTTTAATATGACAAATATAACATGCTTATGCTTTCACAGCTTAATACCACCAAGGCAAAAATTGGGAGATAGTACAAGCAATGTTAAAAACTTACATGAGATTTCATAATTGCGTTTGGTTGCCTAAAATAAGCATTTATAATAACAAGTTTTTTTCACTAATAATAGAGAAGGAAGAAATTTGTAGACGTTTAGGTCATTTGAGCATTTGCTGAACACCAAAATGACTTCTGTTACTCAAAACTATTTCTCATAGTGTTTTTATGTTCTTCACAAATTAACATATTAGATTTTGAAAGTTATTCCCCTGGAGATTAGGAAAAATATTTTTTAAAATTTAATGTATTAGTAAGAAAAATGATGAAGTAAACATAGCATAATGATAATCATGAGCTAATTATCATAAAATGCCTAATAAATAAACATTTTAATCAAAGAGGTTATAGCTCAGAGTCCTGCTTACACCTTGACCATAGTACTATTGTTGAGAGCACCCGGGGTGCACATTTCCAGGCAGGCACATTGCTTAATAATCTCCTAAAATACAATTTTATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACTACCTGTAGTATCTATATTGCTTCTGAAAGATAATATATTTCATATATTCTTTTTGCAGTCAGTTCATAACTACACTCAAGGAAAGGGAGACAGACACCTTCACAGAGAAGGCATGACACGGAAGATTCTGTGCCATGTGTCTGCGATCCTGCTTTACCCAGTGCTTTATCTACTTTAAACAGGACACAACAGTTTCAAAATATTGTTCTCCTTATTAAGTAATCAGGTTATAATGCACCAAATAATTTTCCTTTATGACTCTGCTATCAAATAGTCCTGGAGTAGATTTACCTTATTTATAAACAATCTTGGGGAACCAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCTAGTGATTTTGCTCACAATGACAGCCTGGCTCTAAAGACAGTATTTTCTAACTTTTGAGATAGCCTGAATATAACATTCAAATTTTTGTGCTAATTACTTGCTTAGCTTTGTTCCTTTAAAAGGCTATTCCAAAGCCAAAACATAACAGATGTACTATATTTTCTCTTAATTCCCGAGGCTCAGTTAGTTCCTCAGTGTGTCTTGTCCCCAGGTAATTCAGGCCTGGGGGAAGGGTTCCTTCTTCCAGACTGATTGGTACAGCTGCTCAGTAAGTGTAACTACTCAGATTCCCAAAGAATTCTAAGTGGATGTTCCTCCACGGTGTCTCTTGTTCTCTCTAATCATCATCATTTTAAAATTTCATCCACAGTTCATTCCTTCATAGAATTTTCCTTAGTTCACAGTTTTCTGGAAAAGAAGTAGATTCCTCATAAACAGCTGAAAAAACATATATCAAAAATTCTGAAAGGCTAGAGTAATTATATTCTTTGATATTTTTCTGAGTTATGAATGAAATTCTACATAGTTTTTCACTTTAAAAGACTAAATATATATTCAGTATTCCAATGGAAAAAAAATGTTCACCAACTAATATGGAAGGGTTTACTAATTTTTTATGATAAATAATTTCAATAACTCTTTTTCTTTTCTTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATTTCCCTAATTATACAGCACTAAAAATAATTTAATACAACAAATACAATTCTTTCTATTTCAAATGTTTGCCTAAATAATATAAAATCTTAATTTCTGAGGAAGTAACATTTCAACTTTTTTAAGTATGAAGTGTAAATTAAGATTTACTTATTTAAATTATAACTTGAGTTTCACATATAAAGATAAGATTTAAGTGTAGTTTATTTTATTGTTAACACAGACTTTAATTTTTCAAATATCACATTATCTTTCTTATTTATAGATTTATTTCTTTTATGAAGTAGTCAAATGAATCAGCTCACCCTTGACTGTAACAAAATACTGTTTGGTGACTTGTGACAGACAGGGTTTTAACCTCTGACAGCGAGATTCATTGTGGAGCAGGAGCCAATCATAGATCCTGACGACACTTGTCTCATCAAAGTTGGAATATAAAAAGCCACTTGGAATACAGTATAAAAGATTCACTGGTGTGGCAAGTTGTCTCTCAGACTGTACAGGCATTAAAATTTTGCTTGGCATTGCTCAAAAGCAAAAGAAAAGTAAAAGGAAGAAATAAGAGCAAGGAAAAAGATTGAACTGATTTTAAAATCTGCAAAAACTGCAAATCTATGTTTATATTTACCTGTTTGTGCTGATTCTTGCTGGTCCAGTGGATCTAAATGAGAACAGCGAGCAAAAAGAAAATGTGGAAAAAGAGGGGCTGTGCAATGCATGTACTTGGAGACAAAACACTAAATCTTCAAGAATAGAAGCCATAAAAATTCAAATCTCAGTAAACTGCGCCTGGAAACAGCTCCTAACATCAGCAAAGATGCTATTAGACAACTTTTGCCCAAAGCTCCTCCACTCCGGGAACTGATTGATCAGTACGATGTCCAGAGAGATGACAGCAGTGATGGCTCTTTGGAAGATGATGATTACCACGCGACGACGGAAACAATCATTACCATGCCTACAGAGTGTAAGTAGTCCTGTTAGTGTATATCAACAATTCTGCTGACTGTTGTTCTAGTGTTTATGAGAAACAGATCTATTTTCAGGCTCTTTTAACAAGCTGTTGGCTTGTATGTAAGCAGGAAGGAAAAGAGTTTCTTTTTTTCAAGATTTCATGAGAAATTTACTAATGAGACTGAAATCTGCTGCATTATTTGTTTTCTTAGAGAGCTAAAAAGCTAAACAAAATAAAATTCTTGCACAGCATTAATATTATTTAGTTTAATATGACAAATATAACATGCTTATGCTTTCACAGCTTAATACCACCAAGGCAAAAATTGGGAGATAGTACAAGCAATGTTAAAAACTTACATGAGATTTCATAATTGCGTTTGGTTGCCTAAAATAAGCATTTATAATAACAAGTTTTTTTCACTAATAATAGAGAAGGAAGAAATTTGTAGACGTTTAGGTCATTTGAGCATTTGCTGAACACCAAAATGACTTCTGTTACTCAAAACTATTTCTCATAGTGTTTTTATGTTCTTCACAAATTAACATATTAGATTTTGAAAGTTATTCCCCTGGAGATTAGGAAAAATATTTTTTAAAATTTAATGTATTAGTAAGAAAAATGATGAAGTAAACATAGCATAATGATAATCATGAGCTAATTATCATAAAATGCCTAATAAATAAACATTTTAATCAAAGAGGTTATAGCTCAGAGTCCTGCTTACACCTTGACCATAGTACTATTGTTGAGAGCACCCGGGGTGCACATTTCCAGGCAGGCACATTGCTTAATAATCTCCTAAAATACAATTTTATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACTACCTGTAGTATCTATATTGCTTCTGAAAGATAATATATTTCATATATTCTTTTTGCAGTCAGTTCATAACTACACTCAAGGAAAGGGAGACAGACACCTTCACAGAGAAGGCATGACACGGAAGATTCTGTGCCATGTGTCTGCGATCCTGCTTTACCCAGTGCTTTATCTACTTTAAACAGGACACAACAGTTTCAAAATATTGTTCTCCTTATTAAGTAATCAGGTTATAATGCACCAAATAATTTTCCTTTATGACTCTGCTATCAAATAGTCCTGGAGTAGATTTACCTTATTTATAAACAATCTTGGGGAACCAAAATAAAAGAAATTGCTAGTGATTTTGCTCACAATGACAGCCTGGCTCTAAAGACAGTATTTTCTAACTTTTGAGATAGCCTGAATATAACATTCAAATTTTTGTGCTAATTACTTGCTTAGCTTTGTTCCTTTAAAAGGCTATTCCAAAGCCAAAACATAACAGATGTACTATATTTTCTCTTAATTCCCGAGGCTCAGTTAGTTCCTCAGTGTGTCTTGTCCCCAGGTAATTCAGGCCTGGGGGAAGGGTTCCTTCTTCCAGACTGATTGGTACAGCTGCTCAGTAAGTGTAACTACTCAGATTCCCAAAGAATTCTAAGTGGATGTTCCTCCACGGTGTCTCTTGTTCTCTCTAATCATCATCATTTTAAAATTTCATCCACAGTTCATTCCTTCATAGAATTTTCCTTAGTTCACAGTTTTCTGGAAAAGAAGTAGATTCCTCATAAACAGCTGAAAAAACATATATCAAAAATTCTGAAAGGCTAGAGTAATTATATTCTTTGATATTTTTCTGAGTTATGAATGAAATTCTACATAGTTTTTCACTTTAAAAGACTAAATATATATTCAGTATTCCAATGGAAAAAAAATGTTCACCAACTAATATGGAAGGGTTTACTAATTTTTTATGATAAATAATTTCAATAACTCTTTTTCTTTTCTTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAAATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGAAGATGGGCTGGTAAGTGATAAATGAAAATAATATTCTAACAACCTTGTTATGTTTTTATTCATCATGTGAATGAATAATAGTGGAAAATCACTACCAGTTTCCTATGCTAACAAGCTAGACAAAGGCATCTTACCCCAATGGCAGCCCTGTACCCAATAAAAGTAGGTGTCCAATTTCATATCCAATGAAACACCCTCTTGATATGTCAACTTTGCATGAGGATTAAAAAAACGTTATACCATAGTCCTTAACTCCTCAGGGAGTTCTTTGGAATTGGGAATGAAATATAAAGTGCTTTTCATTGATATGCCACATAATTATATGAATAAAAACACAAAATCTTCACAATGGATTCTTGTACATACCCAACAAATTAAACCTTTTCTTCCCCCCAGAAGAGTGTCAAATGTGTTGAAAGTTTTCTGCTTAATAAAGCAGAGTAAAACTTTAAAAATTATAATTAAAATACAATGCTTTTATTTATAGCAATTAAGTACAAAATGTTTAGGCTTATATTTTATTAAATATACCATATTCAAGGTCCCTCATGATAAATATGTTCATTATGTTCATTATTTTGCAGGCTGTTGATGCATTGATGTTTCTGTAGATTATTCATTTATAGCTGATCTTCTAATGCAAGTGGAAGGAAAACCCAAATGTTGCTTCTTTAAATTTAGCTCTAAAATACAATACAATAAAGTAGTAAAGGCCCAACTGTGGATATATCTGAGACCCGTCAAGACTCCTACAACAGTGTTTGTGCAAATCCTGAGACTCATCAAACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGTATACTGGAATCCGATCTCTGAAACTTGACATGAACCCAGGCGCTGGTATTTGGCAGAGCATTGATGTGAAGACAGTGTTGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAGCCTGAATCCAACTTAGGCATTGAAATCAAAGCTTTAGATGAGAATGGTCATGATCTTGCTGTAACCTTCCCAAGACCAGGAGA

5. The horse genome project • Completed in January 2007 • Collaborative effort among scientists • 1 female Thoroughbred • The principal goal of the Horse Genome Project is to benefit the health and welfare of horses Science 6 November 2009: Vol. 326. no. 5954, pp. 865 - 867 Twilight

6. The Horse Genome was sequenced at The Broad Institute, MIT & Harvard, Boston

7. The genetic code • DNA is the genetic material that spells out the genetic code • DNA is made up of the letters G A T C • Approx. 3 billion letters spell out the genetic code • Genetic material is arranged in 32 pairs of chromosomes • A chromosome is a long linear DNA molecule with 1000s of genes. AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT

8. AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTTAGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT Simple trait Complex trait • Genes are found across a chromosome like ‘beads on a string’ • There are approx. 25,000 genes in the genome • Genes contain the ‘recipe’ for proteins • Proteins are expressed in the cell and are responsible for the physical expression of the trait

9. Genotype = The actual genetic make up of an individualPhenotype = The observed characteristics of an individual Genotype (genetic composition) Actions of other genes and their products Environmental influences Phenotype Genotype + Environment = Phenotype

10. How important are genes? • Definition of a Thoroughbred relates to its genetic heritage • Pedigrees are visual representation of the ancestral genetic contributions to an individual • Provide some indication of the possible genetic make-up

11. Genes and performance • Ability to perform on the racetrack requires the right combination of genes and a favourable environment • In humans > 200 genes for health and fitness related traits have been characterised • Likely that a large number of genes contribute to performance in an additive way

12. What’s the difference? • Studies have shown 35 – 55 % variation in racetrack performance is heritable • When all other things are equal, the genetic make-up of an individual will almost entirely be responsible for the variation in the phenotype. • The difference between two individuals is the difference in the spelling of the genetic code.

13. Population genomics & selection Functional genomics of exercise Exercise physiology SNP association & racing performance

14. The Speed Gene - myostatin • Investigated DNA differences in the myostatin gene in Thoroughbreds • Myostatin is a gene responsible for muscle mass development • DNA differences in myostatin are responsible for muscle hypertrophy phenotypes in cattle, sheep, dogs, mice and humans

15. The difference in the DNA • Identified a single DNA difference in the genetic code of myostatin C  T AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT

16. Gene Variant C Pair of chromosomes Gene Variant T Paternal origin (sire) Maternal origin (dam) AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT C T AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT

17. Gene Variant C Pair of chromosomes Gene Variant C Paternal origin (sire) Maternal origin (dam) AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT C C AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT

18. Gene Variant T Pair of chromosomes Gene Variant T Paternal origin (sire) Maternal origin (dam) AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT T T AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT

19. Pair of chromosomes Paternal origin (sire) Maternal origin (dam) AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGACAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT C C C T T T AGTCTTGACTGATATCTTGTCTATAGTGATTCTAGATAAGCCCTGTCATATGATCGTTCCAGAGATATTT

20. A test for Class? • Investigated the frequency of the C:C – types, C:T – types and T:T – types in 148 unrelated Thoroughbreds • No difference between Group race winners and non-winners

21. Best race distance • Best race distance (BRD)  distance of the highest grade of race won. • Highly statistically significant (P = 4.85 x 10-8) association with BRD and genetic type when Group race winners were separated into short and long distance winners. • The three genetic types were strongly associated with best race distance: C:C – short-distance C:T – middle-distance T:T – middle/long-distance

23. 179 Group and Listed race winners

24. Average Best Race Distance furlongs

25. furlongs

26. furlongs

27. furlongs

28. 3-year-old race distances furlongs

29. What is a C:C ? • Average best race distance – 6.5 f • 75 % 5 f winners are C:C • 65 % 6 f winners are C:C • 98 % of C:Cs win ≤ 8 f • FAST, SPEEDY, SPRINT TYPE ≤ 8 f

30. What is a C:T ? • Average best race distance – 9.1 f • Almost 70 % C:Ts win ≥ 8 - 12 f • 50 % C:Ts win ≤ 8 f • 55 % of 12 f winners are C:T • FAST, MIDDLE-DISTANCE TYPE 7 – 12 f

31. What is a T:T ? • Average best race distance – 11.1 f • > 90 % T:Ts win ≥ 8 f • > 80 % T:Ts win ≥ 10 f • No 5 f or 6 f winners are T:T • EXHIBITS STAMINA > 8 f

32. Optimum genetic profile for distance furlongs

33. Quarter Horse – speed

34. Egyptian Arabian – stamina

35. Thoroughbred (Flat) – speed & stamina

36. Thoroughbred (National Hunt) – stamina There were no C:Cs among 32 NH winners in a prominent Irish NH yard

37. Practical Applications 1. Young stock (foals and yearlings) Make informed selection and sales decisions 2. Horses-in-training Reduce operating costs and fine-tune racing strategy 3. Broodmares Optimise breeding outcomes 4. Stallions Promote stallions potential

38. Young stock (foals and yearlings) Make informed selection and sales decisions • Establish achievement of breeding goal • Identify speedy individuals and early two-year-olds • Identify middle-distance individuals with speed • Identify longer distance individuals with enhanced stamina

42. T T C T C T C T T T T T

43. T T T T T T T T T T T T

44. C T C C C T C T C T T T This is an example only

45. C C C C C C C T C T C T This is an example only

46. C C C C C C C C C C C C This is an example only

47. Horses-in-training Reduce operating costs and fine-tune racing strategy • identify most precocious two-year olds • train and race for optimal racing distance

48. n = 142 two-year-olds in training with same trainer 2007 & 2008 • As two-year olds C:C and C:T horses outperform T:T horses • C:C and C:T horses earn up to 13-times more than T:T horses as two-year-olds • C:C two-year-old colts have 7% more muscle mass than T:T two-year-old colts n = 41 two-year-olds in training with same trainer 2007 & 2008 by a single sire

49. Broodmares Optimise breeding outcomes • focus on optimal breeding mares • select compatible stallions • mix and match mares and stallions to fine-tune breeding goals

50. Mix and match matings to suit breeding goal