Chapter 4 Section 2 - 5

1. Chapter 4 Section 2 - 5 Greek City States - the Hellenistic Era

2. Section 3: Greek City States • Greek villages gradually expanded and became independent city-states. • The “Polis” or city state became the central focus of Greek life. • The word politics was derived from the world Polis. Each Polis was like a town or city that had political, social, and religious functionalities.

3. The main gathering place was normally found on a hill which was highly fortified to prevent destruction during attacks. This was called an acropolis. • The acropolis also served as the religious center of the city state; housed temples and public buildings

4. Each Polis also had an Agora which was an open area that served as an assembly point and also a market area • Athens was one of the largest city-states during the 5th century with a population over 300, 000.

5. Acropolis Agora

6. Hierarchical Structure of a Polis The Polis was a community of people with a common identity who shared common goals.

7. Greek Military • Continued development of city-states led to the establishment of a military system. • Hoplites – Heavily armed foot soldiers who carried a spear, short sword and shield • Phalanx – marching in a rectangular formation when entering into battle

8. Tyranny in the City-States • Expanding trade and industry across Greece gave rise to a group of rich men who wanted to gain power but were not able to because of the influence and wealth of the aristocrats. • This new wealth gave rise to tyranny. Tyrants were not harsh or oppressive during those times as the name suggests today

9. Greet Tyrants seized power from the aristocrats by force and gained support from the new rich and poor peasants who were in debt to the aristocrats • Both peasants and Tyrants were tired of aristocratic dominion. The tyrants kept their power through hired soldiers

10. New beliefs in the rule of law saw the tyrants grow out of favor with the general population. This brought an end to tyranny and opened up the opportunity for more people to participate in government. • Most city-states became democracies; however some remained oligarchies.

11. Rival City-States Athens - Democracy Sparta - Oligarchy Rule by a few Ephors, a group of five men , controlled the education of the youth and conduct of all citizens Foreigners were prohibited from visiting because they did not want new ideas to corrupt their state. • Government by the people or rule of the many • Tyrants who were wealthy, seized power from aristocrats by force • Tyrants kept power by hiring soldiers. They did favorable things to gain popularity like build temples, city walls, and market places

12. Roles of Women in Athens Sparta Lived at home while their sons and husbands lived at the barracks Received a similar education as boys Underwent physical training, including, running, wrestling, and throwing of the javelin Expected to remain fit to bare and raise healthy children • Participated in religious festivals • Excluded from public life • Couldn’t own property • No formal education • Always had a male guardian • Married by the age of 14-15 • Strictly a wife and mother (baby-maker)

13. Classical Greece • Persian wars (as told by Herodotus) 499-479 B.C - the Persian leader Darius, sought revenge for Athenian interference in Ionian uprisings - an out-numbered Athenian army defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon • Darius son Xerxes planned revenge with another invasion

15. Spartan soldiers held them off with only 300 soldiers (Movie-300) • Persians sacked and destroyed Athens • Athenian army eventually defeated the Persians in the Battle of Salamis at sea. Ultimate defeat of the Persians occurred in the battle of Plataea

16. After the Persians were defeated, Athens took leadership of the Greek world through the Delian League • Age of Pericles – height of Athenian power and brilliance - direct democracy - ostracism

17. Greek Religion • Religion and the gods and goddesses played a part in everyday life and events • 12 chief gods/goddesses were thought to live on Mount Olympus - Zues, Hera, Athena, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Artemis, Hermes, Demeter, Hestia • Celebrated their Gods through rituals.

18. Oracles were used to reveal the future gods and goddesses that had been ordained through a priest or priestess

19. Comparative Religious beliefs • All the world’s earliest religions believed that there was a close connection between rules and a supernatural being, God/gods. • Egyptian Pharaohs were considered gods whose role was to maintain order and harmony of the universe in their own kingdoms.

20. In Mesopotamia, India, and China, rulers were thought to rule with divine assistance. Kings saw themselves as representative of gods • Various groups had varying practices to try and communicate with their gods such as: animal sacrifices, oracle bones etc.

21. In the Bible’s account of early civilizations in the books of Judges, Kings, Chronicles I and II and also in Samuel, the stories recorded points out that God communicated with his people through Angels, and divine messages given to prophets. • Victories in war were won because of Gods divine intervention, proving God’s superiority as the true and living God of the universe and creator of all things.

22. Hellenistic Era • Hellenistic era was created by Alexander the Great • The word Hellenistic is derived from a Greek word meaning “to imitate Greeks” • In this age, Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world of Southwest Asia and beyond.

23. Hellenistic kingdoms - Macedonia - Egypt - Syria - Pergamum • Spread of Greek culture - language - architecture - literature - art

24. Art – very dramatic, emotional, and realistic • Architecture – kings willing to spend lots of money on extravagant structures • Literature – though a lot was written not much exists • Science – Eratosthenes: found that the Earth was round and measured its circumference

25. Euclid: his book Elements on plane geometry is still used today • Archimedes: worked on spheres and cylinders, created pi and invented the Archimedes screw • Philosophy • Epicureanism: (Epicurus) happiness is the goal of life through pursuit of pleasure and self interests • Stoicism: (Zeno) can only gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of god; should be good citizens.