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The Periodic Table: Highlights from the History of an Icon

The Periodic Table: Highlights from the History of an Icon. Carmen J. Giunta Le Moyne College. Abstract.

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The Periodic Table: Highlights from the History of an Icon

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  1. The Periodic Table:Highlights from theHistory of an Icon Carmen J. Giunta Le Moyne College

  2. Abstract The periodic table is an icon of chemistry—one of the few visual images that makes anyone who sees it think of chemistry. The periodic table has even branched out beyond its chemical roots as an arrangement for vegetables, desserts, and the like. Back to chemistry: where did it come from? When? How? What chemistry had to be known before the table could be discovered? (For that matter, was it discovered or invented?) These are just a few of the questions to be touched on in a whirlwind tour of the history of the periodic table from its devising to the present, including various shapes and sizes it has assumed over the years.

  3. Periodic Table of Desserts

  4. P. T. with Cupcakes

  5. Periodic Table of the Elements silver copper carbon argon tellurium plutonium

  6. Periodic properties Electronegativity

  7. Periodic properties Molar volume

  8. Periodic properties Ionization energy

  9. Periodic properties Julius Lothar Meyer, Annalen der Chemie, Supplementband 7, 354 (1870)

  10. Prerequisites • concept/definition of element • lists of elements • properties of elements • how to order elements (atomic weights) • enough elements for patterns to emerge

  11. Prerequisites: Boyle Robert Boyle, The Sceptical Chymist

  12. Prerequisites: Lavoisier

  13. Prerequisites: Dalton John Dalton and his atomic weights

  14. Prerequisites: Cannizzaro Stanislao Cannizzaro; translation of his Sunto (1858)

  15. Triads Johann Döbereiner and his triads (1829)

  16. 1862: Vis Tellurique Alexandre-ÉmileBéguyer de Chancourtois

  17. Law of Octaves: 1865 John Newlands and his law of octaves

  18. Law of Octaves

  19. Julius Lothar Meyer Julius Lothar Meyer’s partial table (1864)

  20. Julius Lothar Meyer 1870 table

  21. Dmitrii Mendeleev

  22. Dmitrii Mendeleev (1869)

  23. Dmitrii Mendeleev (1871)

  24. After Mendeleev

  25. About that new column

  26. About that new column • Argon discovered 1894 • “molecular” weight = 39.9 • monatomic • no room between K & Ca • Helium discovered 1895 • Ramsay places Ar in new group after Cl & before K • Ramsay predicts other monatomic inert gases • Ramsay & Travers find Ne, Kr, Xe in 1898 Ramsay,Gases of the Atmosphere (1896)

  27. Atomicnumber Henry Moseley &|his X-ray spectral data

  28. Glenn Seaborg

  29. Early 20th Century

  30. Standard modern table

  31. Other arrangements Left-step table (Charles Janet, 1928)

  32. Other arrangements Spiral table (after Edgar Longman, 1951)

  33. Other arrangements Philip Stewart

  34. Other arrangements Periodic roller coaster (William Crookes, 1898)

  35. Other arrangements Periodic table table (Theodore Gray, 1951)

  36. Resources • Carmen Giunta, Classic Chemistry website, http://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/ • Mark Leach, INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables, http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt_database.php?Button=All • Eric R. Scerri, The Periodic Table: Its Story and its Significance (2007) & A Tale of Seven Elements (2013) • J. W. van Spronsen, The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: a History of the First Hundred Years (1969)

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