Narrator ： Lei He Tongji University

THE WAY OF CRAETING THE SOURCE CONSERVATIONSOCIETY FORM URBAN DESIGN---Take the integration of above- and under- space in thesubway station and all over as an example Narrator：Lei He Tongji University

Main Contents（5 parts） • PREFACE —Background and Significance • INTRODUCTION—The Jing’an Temple district • THE THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN • THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • THE CONFORMITY OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN

PREFACE —Background(1) • With the development of economy and the speed of urbanization process, there come out a series of “city illnesses”, such as the transport congestion, the degrade of living quality, the deterioration of environment quality and so on in some cities especially in the inner of big cities and huge cities.

PREFACE —Background(2) • Right now, it is developed very quickly that the mass development of the underground space in the center of underground rail transport. The network of the under-space will come out, which is the linearity exploitation of the geo-space at the axis of underground rail transport, and the comprehensive node development of the underground station. • SHANGHAI

PREFACE —Significance • The only way to solve these problems, which is the function decay and the boring of the inner city, is to develop the underground space extensively in order to enhance the work efficiency of the inner, to protest the farmland, to economize the land resources, and to achieve the “real three dimensions” progress of the city. • But, we still realize some problems that maybe exist at the beginning of planning or in use in real. This passage aims to discuss how to develop the underground station and all over in the way of urban design taking the Jing’an Temple as an example. Following the rules, we can do better in the future.

INTRODUCTION—The Jing’an Temple district • It lies in the west of the famous road--Nan Jing Road . • A charming assistant center of Shang hai gathering business affairs, commerce, top residence, tour, shopping, relax, entertainment, and so on . • The underground Line 2 transits the Nan Jing West Road and sets aside the Jing’an Temple station. There exists a sunken square linking the outlet number 5 of the station and the YI MEI shopping center under the Jing’an Park. Jing’an old temple has been reconstructed at the same time with the Line 2. • The Hua Shan Road flows a heavy transport, and the crossroad of the Hua Shan Road and the Nan Jing West Road is a weak point in this district. • In the future, the Line 6 and 7 will set aside respectively in the Hua Shan Road and in the Chang De Road.

Jing’an Temple station The sunken square

THE THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN-1 • CONCEPT Urban design is a planning work : • Regarding the city matter form and the space circumstance design as format, • Viewing the city life site design as content, • Thinking heightening the life quality, environment quality and sight art level as target, • Showing off the city culture as character. In all, urban design follows the whole city plannings, that is to say, form the comprehensive planning to the detailed planning.

THE THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN-2 • CONTENT It is classified into two kinds of types: the engineering design and the policy process design. • The former views the practical scheme design as the outcome, and often regards small scale and material space as objects. • The latter thinks the policy induct as the fruits, always the large scale of a city or a whole city. • According to the practical work, the two kinds of types always coexist at a design. The content and the depth also differ with the different design objects. • The Jing’an Temple design includes the following contents: the integration of the used land function, traffic system, open space (underground open space), walking system, green protect, history safeguard, the form of architecture, street design, city conformation, and so on.

THE THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN-3 • IDEA There are five points that I think worth emphasizing: • embody the city characters, pay attention to the culture traditions; • make the design scale and the city dimension harmony; • stress the city characters, rebuild the city visual; • emphasize the essence of humanity, satisfy the people’s needs; • make good use of resources, make up friendly environment.

THE THEORY OF URBAN DESIGN-4 • PRINCIPLE The principles of urban design are as follows: • contextual The city design should pay much attention to the backgrounds of the objects; • sociality and publicity Every step should be concerned with the people and the society; • process Make sure the processes of the whole design are compatible and best, not just in pursuit of the final outcomes; • accumulation A good case of the urban design needs several of generations following the same way.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • THE SUNKEN SQUARE-1 Merit: • be suitable for the outlet of the railway stations: lighting, exhausting, distributing, and urgency scattering • be satisfied with the scarce of the land resources in the center district of a city and the exigent demands for the open space • giveing birth to a kind of new three—dimension open space, which is a multi-functional square centered in traffic, shopping, relaxation, and entertainment, and which serves people well privacy, shapes the new “city living room”.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • THE SUNKEN SQUARE-2 Insufficient: • sign The Jing’an Temple sunken square lacks an obvious symbol. This directly results in the people, who want to arrive or use it , can not find it easily or timely; • scale It is said that only when the ratio of width and depth gets to a certain range (ordinarily 1：1～1：3 ) people can satisfy with the sunken square. Whereas, the ratio of the Jing’an Temple sunken square amounts to less than 1：1. So it is oppressive for the people to stay longer in the square.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • THE SUNKEN SQUARE-3 • Insufficient: • horizontal line When staying in the Jing’an Temple sunken square and looking around, you will see nothing definitely and easily. There are not huge landmarks. Especially the famous golden old temple is not seen because of the affiliated building, the handicapped elevator, which is used much rarely. People who is in the sunken square feel upset, wildered, illusive, fussy and so on. • environment setting The decoration, the sketch, the commerce, and the food in the sunken square need reflecting carefully.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • ORGANIZATION OF THE ALL AROUND TRAFFIC-1 The first one, developing the underground space, is to solve the traffic jams in the inner city. Such as, underground rail, underground park, underground road, underground path, and so on. It can reorganize the traffic, separate the vehicles and passersby, get over the weak point, and hold up the glory of the business circle. Whereas there are problems just like it as follows: • UNDERGROUND PATHS HAVE NOT FORMED NETS • UNDERGROUND PARK HAVE NOT PLANNED UNIFORMLY • UNDERGROUND DRIVEWAY IMPLEMENTS DIFFICULTLY

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • ORGANIZATION OF THE ALL AROUND TRAFFIC-2 • UNDERGROUND PATHS HAVE NOT FORMED NETS The underground way spanning the HUA SHAN Road has not yet been constructed. People who visiting by rail want to come across the HUA SHAN Road must go by lift and then wait for the jam to come to another side in the face of tough circumstance. The Line 2 Jing’an Temple station is a chance to form the nets, but in fact it is not fulfilled. Which goes against the principle (Ⅲ) process: Make sure the processes of the whole design are compatible and best, not just in pursuit of the final outcome.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • ORGANIZATION OF THE ALL AROUND TRAFFIC-3 • UNDERGROUND PARK HAVE NOT PLANNED UNIFORMLY The underground parks have been constructed under some buildings, some have not yet been developed the underground space. Although there are underground parks, the scale and the depth controlled are different at all. All of this make it very difficult to link with each other so that the size benefit can’t come to. Even it is a waste of under-space recourses as the separate driveways occupy so many spaces. Also so many outlets disturb the dynamic traffic.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT In the planning there are underground circle ways to connect most of the underground park. But in fact it is very difficult. In future, there are Line 6 station in the HUA SHAN Road, Line 7 station in the CHANG DE Road, and the underground driveway passing through the district in the WU LU MU QI NORTH Road. So the spaces in the underground of roads are insufficient for the circle underway. Therefore it is very important to plan perfectly in advance • ORGANIZATION OF THE ALL AROUND TRAFFIC-4 • UNDERGROUND DRIVEWAY IMPLEMENTS DIFFICULTLY the semi-circle underway planning

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • THE ISSUES OF ALL AROUND DEVELOPMENT • It is original to integrate the Jing’an park and the sunken square. • It is successful to modernize the Jing’an old temple. Getting hold of the Line 2 station construction, the underground of the Jing’an temple was utilized for the room of fixture, storage, and parking. In the ground level, the west and east sides of the old temple, it has been exploited into shopping spaces, which make up the lack of shopping, alter the shopping environment, and meet the demands of visits. • The scheduling of the construction is unconsidered. For example, the underground path way across the HUA SHAN Road combines the HUI DE FENG Plaza and the sunken square. Because the HUI DE FENG Plaza is under construction for many years, it delays forming the net of under-paths.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE UNDERGROUND DEVELOPMENT • EXPLOITMENT AND MANAGEMENT The Jing’an Park and the sunken square belong to two different owners. The Jing’an Temple and the Line 2 also reside in two separate groups. It is key to break the administration restricted and section limited, which come to the conformity of the different spaces, and to establish an impartial expense apportion and a rational development system, which make good use of the land resources intensively. The Jing’an Temple district is a good example in such points. But different cities have different backgrounds and distinct regulations. So for this matter, there are not explicit outcomes. But the notion is always eternal: conformity of different groups.

THE CONFORMITY OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN • THE CONFORMITY OF OPEN SPACE IN UNDERGROUND • CONFORMITY OF STRUCTURES AND TRAFFIC • CONFORMITY OF MANMADE AND NATURE • CONFORMITY OF HISTORY AND NEW ENVIRONMENT • CONFORMITY OF NEW BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONFORMITY OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN • THE CONFORMITY OF OPEN SPACE IN UNDERGROUND The sunken square conforms with the outlet of the underground departments or railway stations. The theory, be suitable for every age sect and be enjoyed by most people, is to build a new “city living room”, which is the conformity of the above- and under-ground. Pay more attention to the site, symbol, size, enclose, horizontal line, environment, and so on. • CONFORMITY OF STRUCTURES AND TRAFFIC Depending on the underground rail , where a certain distance away form the railway station, the buildings link with each other under the ground by the nets of pedestrian paths. And the parks under the buildings correlate each other through the under-ways. In this way, people can get to the destinations directly or change vehicles easily. This is good for solving the traffic jams, and is good use of underground space recourses.

THE CONFORMITY OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN • CONFORMITY OF MANMADE AND NATURE In the inner city, where the land is as priceless as gold, it is impossible to hold such big greenbelts as the Jing’an Park. This results form the Government, Plan Bureau and the managers. In order to make up the functionality deficiency and the land shortage because of there being the greenbelts, we should exploit the underground space under the greenbelts. Such as business, service, food, entertainment, municipal infrastructure, park and so on. The Jing’an Temple is a good example. • CONFORMITY OF HISTORY AND NEW ENVIRONMENT The context of a district is shown more or less by the relic. So it is a must for an urban designer to protest the relic and renew it as the prominent features of the district. Meanwhile, the relic should be undertaken the modernized reforms. The development of the underground space is an effective way to account for these questions. The Jing’an old Temple is a good case to refer to.

THE CONFORMITY OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN Take the affiliated establishments of the underground structures as an example. The exhaust wells of the railway station and these of the underground streets, the intakes of the transformer rooms and so on, will come out of the ground, and keep a certain height. If it is unconsidered and is not designed intently, it would destroy the district environment. Using the methods of urban design, analyzing the background of the objects, integrating the two parts, it will produce unimagined results. The famous under-street, Crysta ,Osaka city, in Japan, whose environment setting on the ground needs reflecting. • CONFORMITY OF NEW BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONFORMITY OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN Crysta ,Osaka city, Japan Jing’an Temple sunken square

CONCLUSION • The “ELEVEN·FIVE”PLANNING says “creating the source conservation and environment friendly society”. Following the spirit, the underground space can take advantages in itself of characteristic and superiority, and make efforts to economize the city resources, to improve the city conditions, to stride forward to humanity. • The development of the railway station and all around is the key node in our country. There are many cases. Some are successful, but more are not. To study these cases can help to pile experiences in order to guide the future design. • It is a useful way to exert the urban designs, which organizes and allocates the functions of the under-and above- ground structures, links the space of under-and above- ground structures rationally, optimizes the space resource, and realizes the land high efficiency. Through using the urban design, holding the design context, standing out the characters of the objects, showing kind to people, constructing friendly environments, it leads to the justice of the society.

Thank you for your attention !!

Narrator ： Lei He Tongji University