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Chapter 16 Section 4 Notes U.S. Moves Towards War

Chapter 16 Section 4 Notes U.S. Moves Towards War. U.S. Neutral in Europe until Invasion of Poland. Congress finally agrees to end neutrality Cash and Carry Policy (Sept. 1939) Countries at war (Eng. & Fra) can buy stuff from U.S. if they: pay cash provide own transportation

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Chapter 16 Section 4 Notes U.S. Moves Towards War

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  1. Chapter 16 Section 4 NotesU.S. Moves Towards War

  2. U.S. Neutral in Europe until Invasion of Poland • Congress finally agrees to end neutrality • Cash and Carry Policy (Sept. 1939) • Countries at war (Eng. & Fra) can buy stuff from U.S. if they: • pay cash • provide own transportation • This helped a bit • didn’t prevent takeover of France • still heavy damage to England • Allied ships busy with Germans • Hard time coming and getting supplies

  3. Tripartite Pact(Sept. 1940) • Germany, Italy, and Japansign mutual defense treaty • Become known as the Axis Powers • If U.S. declared war on one of them, they’d be at war with all 3

  4. U.S. begins prepping for possible war • FDR gets Congress to increase defense spending a lot(Arsenal for Democracy) • Selective Training and Service Act(1940) • 1st peacetime draft ever • Men between 21 – 35 yrs old registered • Eventually changed to 18 – 45 yrs old. • 10 million men drafted by 1947. Draft process described on my website

  5. 1940 Presidential Election • FDR = Democrat • Breaks tradition, runs for 3rd term • Wendell Willkie = Republican • Political outsider • not in any office before • Lawyer and Pres. of Largest Electric Comp. in U.S. • Candidates similar on most issues • FDR wins • Closer election than FDR’s other 2 • Still a blowout

  6. 1940 Election Results

  7. U.S. changes Cash-Carry to Lend-Lease • Britain has no more $ to buy supplies • all ships devoted to its own protection • U.S. changes to Lend – Lease(Mar. 1941) • Loaned (credit) and shipped supplies to Britain • Eventually extended this to Russia(June 1941) when Hitler broke his nonaggression pact. • Some people opposed this big time • U.S. helping communists? • Not England: Churchill quote: • “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” Lend Lease shipments from 1941 to end of 1943; final totals by Sept. 1945 were much higher

  8. German response to U.S. aid = sink ships • Wolf Packattacks • Groups of German U-boats (subs) attacking supply ships • Very successful at 1st • Sank a bunch of ships • U.S. ships allowed to retaliate(Sept. 1941) • Shoot on Sight Policy • Gradually improved ability to sink U-Boats over the next couple years Painting of a Wolf Pack attack on supply ships

  9. Atlantic Charter(Aug. 1941) • agreement between Churchill and FDR • Met on a ship in middle of Ocean • What was agreed on: • collective security(protect each other) • disarmament(get rid of weapons after war) • self determination(people choose own gov) • econ. cooperation(low tariffs, better trade) • freedom of the seas • led to formation of the United Nations • 26 countries signed on to be Allies • US, England, Soviet Union are main ones • France , China, Canada, Australia, etc… • FDR & Congress still didn’t declare war

  10. Japan continues acquiring land in Asia • Already controlled • Manchuria (NE China and SE Russia) • Parts of China’s coast • U.S. not happy (sec. 1 notes) • Hideki Tojo(Jap. Military leader… far right) • Emperor Hirohito(overall leader, like a god) • Both wanted more land • took over French Indochina(July 1941) • Modern Day Vietnam • U.S. response = stop trade with Japan • Biggest impact = no more oil for Japan • Japan ticked off. Prepares to attack • U.S. knows this • broke codes • doesn’t know when. • FDR orders military on high alert • Doesn’t want to act 1st though

  11. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii(December 7th, 1941)*** • Japanese air force bombs largest U.S. naval base in Pacific • Sneak attacks last around 2 hrs. • 2,400 killed • 1,200 wounded • 21 military ships sunk or damaged • 300 planes destroyed or damaged

  12. Largest loss of life on U.S. soil in a military related conflict between the end of the Civil War and September 11th (3000 deaths) • U.S. declares war on Japan the next day (famous FDR speech) • Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. 3 days later (honor pact)

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