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The Evolution of Police Administration

Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior (Eighth Edition). The Evolution of Police Administration. Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor. Chapter 1. English Influence on Early American Policing. Improved agricultural methods

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The Evolution of Police Administration

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  1. Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior (Eighth Edition) The Evolution of Police Administration Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Chapter 1

  2. English Influence on Early American Policing • Improved agricultural methods • Provided significant surplus crops to support people living in cities • People were drawn to cities by the industrial revolution (1760-1830) • Shifted production from manual labor to machine-made • 1829: Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act

  3. Urbanization of American Policing • 1890 frontier closing • By the Census of 1920, 51% of Americans lived in cities • Most full-time municipal officers now work in large agencies • However, more than half of all municipal police departments (55%) have 10 or fewer full-time officers • The proliferation of agencies

  4. Politics and Police Administration in the 19th Century • Politics • No way to keep politics out of police departments because: • Police departments must be responsive to democratic control • Supervision by elected as opposed to appointed officials • Public policy is expressed in the laws, regulations, operating procedures, decisions, and actions taken or not taken by a governmental agency • Politics flourish in even the smallest agencies

  5. Political Machines and Administration • Political Machines • Patronage • Pendleton Act

  6. The Reformation Period (1900-1926) • Two immediate needs: • Arouse the public from its apathy • Create a conceptual cornerstone or model for improvement • Separate politics and patronage in the worse sense from the administration of governmental agencies

  7. Police Professionalization • Profession • Public sentiments or declarations of faith • 1541

  8. Police Professionalization The serious work on professions has centered on specifying what criteria must be met to constitute a profession.

  9. August VollmerThe Father of Modern Policing • Chief “Gus” Vollmer • Berkeley Police Department became the model for professional policing • Mobilization of officers • Police signal system to dispatch calls • Modern records system • Crime analysis • Scientific crime laboratory • Lie detection machine

  10. Improving the Caliber of Police Personnel Police Training College Classes Intelligence & Psych testing Recruit College Students

  11. The Military Model • Resulted in more staff positions to do specialized work • Emphasized line inspection of officers and staff inspection of functions • Written policies and procedures • Enhanced training • Increased accountability • Adoption of the bureaucratic form of organization

  12. Prohibition to 1930s • National Prohibition Act /Volstead Act • Resulted in large, illicit market for alcohol • Speakeasies • Bootleggers • Law of unintended consequences! • Did more to damage the image and reputation of policing than any other single event

  13. Early Professionalism in the 1930s • Police began to move away from its tarnished image • National Commission on Law Observance and Law Enforcement (1929)/Wickersham Commission • Civil service protection • Enhanced training and education • Formation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

  14. The KKK, Black Codes, and Law Enforcement • The Ku Klux Klan • Formed in 1930s by Confederate Army veterans who were bored • Slave patrols Black Codes Jim Crow laws Forces Act (1870)

  15. Policing in WWII and the 1950s • The 1940s and 1950s were dominated by WWII and the Korean War • The mobilization of all able-bodied men created opportunities for women in policing and the defense industry • Police duties during WWII expanded to civil defense tasks • Preference given to military veterans in hiring

  16. The Professional Model in the 1950s • O.W. Wilson’s Police Administration (1950) • Validated the military model • Respond to incidents • Quickly became the “Bible” for law enforcement executives

  17. Turbulent 1960s and the Police • Riots • High rates of minority unemployment • Poor housing • White store owners took money from the minority communities but showed no reciprocity • Segregated, unequal society • Police officers were viewed as hostile and repressive • Hippies • Drugs • War protests • Civil rights • Women's rights • Supreme Court decisions • Assassinations

  18. Turbulent 1960s and the Police • The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society (1967) • The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968)

  19. Education and Policing • Police professionalism took on new urgency following the events in the 1960s • “Professional” became synonymous with “education” • Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP)

  20. The Police Research Trilogy • During the 1970s, there was a torrent of research. • An early trilogy of major experiments rocked policing: • Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study • Rand Criminal Investigation Study • Team Policing Experiment

  21. Police Support Organizations Formed in the 1960s and 1970s • National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives • National Criminal Justice Reference Service • Hispanic American Police Command Officers Association • Police Executive Research Forum • National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives • Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies • National Association of Asian American Law Enforcement Commanders

  22. Beyond the 1970s: Policing Strategies • Community Oriented Policing • Zero Tolerance Policing • CompStat • Evidence-Based Policing

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