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Progressive Era, 1901-1918

HIST 202 – U.S. HISTORY. Progressive Era, 1901-1918. Evaluate the Progressive’s record. Was progressivism really progressive? Be sure to explain three (3) social and three (3) political reforms as part of the progressives’ policies. Case Study - Progressivism.

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Progressive Era, 1901-1918

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  1. HIST 202 – U.S. HISTORY Progressive Era, 1901-1918

  2. Evaluate the Progressive’s record. Was progressivism really progressive? Be sure to explain three (3) social and three (3) political reforms as part of the progressives’ policies.

  3. Case Study - Progressivism • Gather the following information from sources: • Interpretation of the documents • Evidence of progression or regression • Evaluation of progressivism • ***These documents/events are fair game for Exam #2 - HINT

  4. Origins of Progressivism • Grew out of: • Industrialization • Immigration • Urban Expansion • Progressivism is PROGRESS!!

  5. Origins of Progressivism • National movement born out of state reforms • Progressive presidents: • Theodore Roosevelt • William Howard Taft • Woodrow Wilson

  6. Attitudes and Motives • Country was changing RAPIDLY! • Industrialized • Non-agrarian • Melting pot of immigrants • Innocence was lost

  7. Attitudes and Motives • Participants were extremely diverse: • Women • Liberal educators • Early civil rights crusaders • Middle-class reformers

  8. Who were Progressives? • Middle-class • Shop owners • Lawyers • Doctors • Ministers • Religious • Social Gospel • Liberals

  9. Scientific Management • Frederick W. Taylor • Conducted research in factories • Timed output cycles • Discovered ways to organize people in efficient manner • Progressives…govt. can be more efficient

  10. The Muckrakers • Made Americans wake up!! • Origins • Henry Demarest Lloyd • Wealth Against Commonwealth (1894)

  11. Popular Literature • Magazines • McClure’s • Collier’s • Cosmopolitan • Authors contributed stories • Books • Lincoln Steffans – The Shame of the Cities • Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives

  12. Decline of Muckraking • Reasons: • Some stories were hard to beat • Magazines were asked to tone down the stories • Corporations had public relation departments • Legal problems

  13. Political Reform in Cities and States • Secret ballots (“Australian Ballot”) • Direct election of Senators – 17th Amendment (1913) • Direct primaries • Robert LaFollette (Wis.) • Let the people decide

  14. Political Reforms • Initiative • Method that voters could compel legislators to consider a bill • Referendum • Allowed voters to vote on the issue • Recall • Allowed voters to get rid of corrupt officials

  15. Social Welfare • Settlement house reformers • Jane Addams • Believed in social justice • Better schools • Better courts • Divorce laws • Criminal reform

  16. Municipal Reform • Get rid of political machines and bosses • Get control of public utilities • Voters elect city managers and commissioners

  17. State Reform • Governors • Battled with corporate interests • Fraudulent companies • Corrupt railroads • Tax reform • Robert LaFollette

  18. Occupational Reform • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • March 25th 1911 • 146 women perished in flames • 71 injured • Blamed poor working conditions • No fire plans • Fire escapes were damaged or locked!!!

  19. Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal • Progressivism shot into gear under Teddy • 1902 Coal Strike • Expanded T.R.’s power as president • Standard Oil trust • “Bad trusts” • “Good trusts”

  20. T.R.’s Square Deal • Consumer protection • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Meat Inspection Act (1906) • Environmental protection • Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) • U.S. Forest Service (1908) • 150 million acres of land for parks

  21. Taft’s Presidency • Won election of 1908 • Defeated William Jennings Bryan • Busted the most trusts in history • U.S. Steel • Angered Teddy • Split Republican party • Progressives • Republicans

  22. Election of 1912

  23. Election of 1912 • Woodrow Wilson – D • William Howard Taft – R • Theodore Roosevelt – P/BM • Eugene V. Debs – S • Split in Republican Party • Economic policies • First time “3rd Party places 2ndin polls

  24. Woodrow Wilson’s Progressive Program • Pledged “New Freedom” • Attacked the “triple wall of privilege” • Tariffs • Underwood Tariff (1913) • Banking • Federal Reserve Act (1914) • Trusts • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) • Federal Trade Commission (1914)

  25. African Americans • 2nd rate citizens • “Separate but equal” • Progressive presidents paid little mind to • Thought there were more pressing issues • Shared in the racist sentiment

  26. Eugenic Studies • Authorized in 1912 – still governor of NJ • Appointed doctors to determine if “lesser beings” should procreate • Stripped freedoms away from those who didn’t understand • Mentally retarded, criminals, “idiots”, African Americans in South

  27. Two Approaches – Washington and DuBois DuBois Washington

  28. The Great Migration • Mass migration of blacks from South to northern cities • 1910-1930 • Aided by the Urban League (1911) • Causes • Deteriorating race conditions • Crops decimated by boll weevil • Job opportunities in cities

  29. Civil Rights Organizations • 1905 – Niagara Movement • Dubois • Met at Niagara Falls, Canada • 1908 – NAACP • 1920 – 100,000 members

  30. Progressives and Women • Liberal thinkers - educated • Wanted equal rights as men • Suffragist Movement • Carrie Chapman Catt – National American Woman Suffrage Assn. (NAWSA) • Alice Paul – National Woman’s Party

  31. 19th Amendment • Wilson was VERY reluctant • 1920 – guaranteed women’s right to vote • Aided in women’s rights for • Property • Divorce • Birth control

  32. End of Progressivism • WWI ends Progressivism • Worried about the war • Many reforms were in place • Reformers thought their jobs were done

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