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Phonetics: The vocal tract

Phonetics: The vocal tract. Basic framework for describing speech sounds. Before we start. Acknowledgment: Geoff Morrison Provided many of the web links and clip art. Before we start. What is phonetics?. Rogers’ definition ( p 1). Phonetics [is the area of study that] is concerned with:

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Phonetics: The vocal tract

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  1. Phonetics: The vocal tract Basic framework for describing speech sounds

  2. Before we start • Acknowledgment: Geoff Morrison • Provided many of the web links and clip art

  3. Before we start • What is phonetics?

  4. Rogers’ definition ( p 1) • Phonetics [is the area of study that] is concerned with: • The sounds we make in speech • How we produce them • How they’re transferred from speaker to hearer • How we hear and perceive them

  5. Our focus: how they’re produced • Traditional articulatory phonetics • How sounds are made (roughly) • Little changed since the mid 19th century • (Aside: Who was Henry Higgens?) • http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-sweet • Descriptive system based on: • Visual observation • Tactile and proprioceptive sense • informed introspection

  6. New, more scientific studies • X-rays, MRI, CT scans • Show things are more complex • But… traditional descriptions are roughly correct at a coarse level of description • Anyway it’s indispensable • Can’t get by without the terminology • Universally accepted way to talk about speech sounds • We’ll mainly pretend it’s correct • May peek behind the curtain now and then

  7. I.P.A. consonant chart [Graphic unavailable] Appendix E Rogers p 337

  8. Roughing out the vocal organs(Fig 1.1 , 1.2 p 5, 6) • Are there ‘vocal organs’ • Yes, but speech is only a secondary function of each • Ordinary language: technical term • Nose (and some sinuses) : Nasal cavity • Throat: Pharynx ( naso-, oro-, laryngeal) • Voice box: Larynx • Windpipe: Trachea • Also bronchi and lungs • Things below the larynx are serve mainly as ‘air supply’ to power speech • Mostly concerned with larynx and above `

  9. Sagittal section (slicing) Graphic unavailable (slice through middle of the head between ears)

  10. Sagittal section for real http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec1/anatomy.htm [graphic from above web site removed]

  11. Sagittal section… line drawing Graphic unavailable See also Rogers p. 5 Figure 1.2

  12. Upper and lower articulators • Lower articulators • Lower lip (lip = L. labium, pl. labia) • Tongue (= L. lingua) • (Jaw? Epiglottis?) • Upper articulators • (Upper) lip • (Upper front) teeth ( = L. dens, pl. dentes) • Alveolar ridge • (L. alveolus, ‘small hollow’, ‘tooth socket’ • (Hard) palate • Velum (= soft palate)

  13. Tongue • See Figure 1.12 Rogers p 9. Rogers (2000) p. 9

  14. Places of articulation(roughly) Graphic unavailable (shows labels for major places of articulation on a mid-saggital line drawing) Also: ‘3.3’ post alveolar

  15. Places of articulation(refined) Graphic unavailable Rogers (2000) Table 1.1 p 11

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