Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology

1. Introduction toBehavioral Pharmacology

2. Defining Behavioral Pharmacology • Behavioral Pharmacology is a specialization of behavioral science that applies the methods and concepts of behavior analysis to explain the behavioral effects of drugs. • Behavior Analysis is a unique natural science approach to study behavior • Popularized by B.F. Skinner

3. Defining Behavioral Pharmacology • Psychopharmacology vs. Behavioral Pharmacology • The distinction is not always clear. • The term “psychopharmacology” was coined a few decades before the science of behavior analysis was developed. • Some people distinguish these specializations based on the accepted methodology to study drug effects. (i.e., a broader range of methods in psychopharmacology.) • Others distinguish them based on emphasis of research questions. • Others don’t distinguish them at all.

4. Science of Behavior Analysis • Environmental events are emphasized because: • such variables clearly influence behavior • they are directly observable • we have the technology to study them • they are subject to direct manipulation

5. Behavior Analysis • What it is: • a natural science emphasizing effects of environmental variables on behavior • concerned with behavior in its own right, not as an indication of events at another level of analysis • a proven practical approach to deal with a wide variety of behavioral problems (including drug use and abuse)

6. Behavior Analysis • What it is NOT: • S-R psychology • unconcerned with mental events (thoughts, emotions) • unconcerned with genetics, physiology • dead

7. Behaviorism in the Early 20th Century • Ivan Pavlov • Respondent conditioning • Some of Pavlov’s early work examined drug effects on respondent conditioning. • This work preceded the formal development of Behavioral Pharmacology. • John Watson • Introduced Behaviorism • First to put forth a strong natural science approach for psychology • Attempted to explain behavior primarily in terms of respondent conditioning • Methodological Behaviorism (deals only with publicly observable events)

8. Radical Behaviorism • Philosophical Position Adopted and Promoted by B.F. Skinner • conceptualizes behavior as involving both public and private events • assigns no special status to private events • Private events (e.g., thoughts, feelings) do not cause overt behavior: • they are stimuli that function similar to directly observable stimuli • they are difficult to study

9. Science of Behavior Analysis • Emphasizes • Antecedents, Responses, Consequences • Contingencies of Reinforcement • Operant Behavior • behavior modified by its consequences • Operant Conditioning • the process of modifying some characteristic of behavior by altering its consequences

10. Experimental Analysis of Behavior • Essential features of EAB Research • JEAB (founded in 1958) continues to be an important outlet for EAB research

11. Uses of EAB in Behavioral Pharmacology • Main Assumptions • Behavior is important in its own right. • An intensive study of a few subjects is a fruitful research strategy. • Graphic analysis of data is desirable. • Direct and repeated measures are invaluable. • Variable data are best dealt with by isolating and controlling responsible extraneous variables. • Studies of nonhuman subjects under controlled experimental conditions can be of great value to understand variables that control human behavior.

12. Historical Landmarks in Behavioral Pharmacology

13. Research Areas in Behavioral Pharmacology • Behavioral Loci • what aspects of behavior are altered by the drug (e.g., reaction time) • Behavioral Mechanisms of Action • the stimulus functions of the drug; the effects of the drug on the capacity of other stimuli to control behavior • Variables that Modulate Drug’s Behavioral Effects • e.g., other stimuli, alternative reinforcers etc…