IKI RAS, Moscow, 1 1 . 10 .2011

1. PRINCIPALS OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS MEASUREMENTS IN THE GAP EXPERIMENT ONBORD THE PHOBOS-GRUNT MISSION AND BEYOND. M.V.Gerasimov and the GAP team IKI RAS,Moscow, 11.10.2011

2. Origin of Phobos? Trapped asteroid or in orbit formation? How much it was differentiated? Kaidun Which type of meteorites simulates its material? What can we learn from investigation of volatiles of Phobos? Phobos

3. Chemical composition of some carbonaceous chondrites Carbonaceous chondrites names

4. Concentration of volatiles in different petrographic types of meteorites(Wood, 1968)

5. Insoluble organics in meteorites Van Krevelen diagram of thermal evolution of kerogen

6. Oxygen isotopes in the Solar System

7. Hydrogen isotopes in the Solar System

8. Phobos Sample Return mission (2011) Scientific objectives of the “PhSR” mission • to investigate the origin of Martian satellites on example of Phobos;- to investigate properties of small planetary objects in space environment;- to study possible differentiation of early planetary materials;- to study volatiles inventory;- to study organic materials;- to study the influence of Phobos on the near Martian environment (dust torus, gas, plasma and magnetic field perturbations); - to investigate the detailed structure of the Martian atmosphere including vertical profiles of temperature, aerosol, and trace atmospheric components (water vapor, CO, CH4, etc);- to investigate diurnal variations of surface temperature of Mars.

9. Total mass of the volatile element in the sample Concentration = Mass of the sample Three main questions to characterize volatiles: 1. Concentration of volatile elements?

10. water organics hydrogen trapped hydrogen other carbonates carbides carbon organics other Three main questions to characterize volatiles: 1. Concentration of volatile elements? 2. Form of incorporation of volatiles in the soil?

11. Three main questions to characterize volatiles: 3. Isotopic composition of volatile elements? 1. Concentration of volatile elements? 2. Form of incorporation of volatiles in the soil?

12. Soil preparation and loading system Thermal Differential Analyzer Mass- spectrometer Chromatograph Gas Analytic Package (GAP) for the “Phobos Sample Return Mission” • Scientific objectives of the GAP • Investigation of chemical composition and inventory of volatiles (water, СО2, N2,SO2, organics, noble gases, etc.) in situ in the soil at the landing place; • Investigation of volatile-containing phases in the soil of the Phobos; • Investigation of organic components in the soil of the Phobos; • Measurement of isotopic composition of CHON elements (13С/12С, D/H, 17O/16O, 18O/16O, 15N/14N) and noble gases; • To constrain the mineralogical composition of the Pobos soil (with emphasis on the volatile-bearing minerals) on the basis of thermal and gas evolving experiments with the use of data from other experiments. MS GC TDA The structure of the GAP

13. Thermal Differential Analyzer(TDA) Objectives of the TDA 1.To measure exo- and endothermal reactions in the sample of soil to determine minerals with phase transitions at temperatures <1000C; 2. To perform the release of volatile components into the gas phase and provide their transfer into GC and MS;3. To perform pyrolysis of heavy organics (kerogens?) for their analysis in GC and MS;

14. SOil Preparation SYStem = SOPSYS Tasks of the device • To take a portion of soil from the manipulator. • 2. To mill large pieces of rocks and sieve the soil to extract the necessary fraction for loading into pyrolytic cells. • 3. To extract the dose of the sample for loading into the pyrolytic cell. • 4. To clean itself for the next cycle.

15. Pyrolytic cell PC cross-section Cell parameters: Т mах - 1000С (1350С) W max -22 W Mass - 20 g Sample volume - 4 mm  5 mm

16. Gas Chromatograph Tasks of the chromatograph • Accumulation of gases which are released from the sample during • pyrolysis. • 2. Redistribution of gases of different types (permanent gases, organics, etc.) between respective columns. • 3. Separation of different gases by time of retention. • 4. Measurement of abundance of separate gas component. • 5. Measurement of isotopic ratios of D/H, 13C/12C, 17O/16O, 18O/16O in CO2 and H2O using TDLAS.

17. HDO H217O HDO H218O H216O H216O H216O TDLAS scheme lLaser = 2.64 mm

18. Pressure regulators Calibration gas tank Carrier gas tanks (Не) 2250 см3 40 bar. ON/OFF valves manifolds Pressure sensor GC modules TDLAS tube Injection traps Assemblage of the GC block

19. A piece of test chromatogram hexane С6Н14 4,410-8g benzene С6Н6 4,010-8g signal/noise ~ 600

20. The mass-spectrometer L.P. Moskaleva (PI) Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) Ryazan University (contractor) Mass analyzer (MA) • Main parameters of the MS • 1. Mass - 3,5 кг • 2. Power consumption - 32 Вт • 3. Dimentions: МА - 256х78х73 (mm) • BE - 256х110х120 (mm) • 4. Mass range - (2÷400) amu/q • 5. Sensitivity for Ar - (3÷5)х10-12hPa • 6. Dynamic range - 104 • 7. Mass resolution- 400(?) Block of electronics (BE)

21. - background spectrum A test mass-spectrum of CO2 in GC+MS mode

22. Main partners of the Phobos-Grunt Gas Analytic Package team IKI RAS (Russia) TDA+GC GEOKHI RAS (Russia) MS LATMOS (France) GC LISA University of Paris (France) GC GSMA (France) TDLAS MPS (Germany) GC Polytechnic University of Hong Kong (China) SOPSYS (TDA)

23. Gas Analytic Package for Lunar-Resource (2014) and Lunar-Globe (2015) Russian missions Preliminary positioning of the GAP on the instruments panel