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Chap. 4

Chap. 4. Cells. A Brief History. Robert Hooke – In 1664, he saw the 1 st cell and named it a cell What did he use to look at the cell? Schleiden , Schwann, and Virchow - made up cell theory . Cell Theory. All living things are made up of cells and only cells can make cells

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Chap. 4

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  1. Chap. 4 Cells

  2. A Brief History Robert Hooke – In 1664, he saw the 1st cell and named it a cell What did he use to look at the cell? Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow - made up cell theory.

  3. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells and only cellscan make cells • Two types of cells • Prokaryotes– cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles. No nucleus. Primitive – ex. Bacteria • Eukaryotes – cell that has organelles protected by membranes. More complex. • Evidence to support the idea that prokaryote cells developed 1st and eukaryote cells resulted when prokaryotic cells ingested each other.

  4. cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. • All cells share certain characteristics. • Cells tend to be microscopic. • All cells are enclosed by a membrane. • All cells are filled with cytoplasm.

  5. Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant – has cell wall, large vacuole, plastids (ex. Chloroplast), no centrioles Animal – no cell wall, small vacuole, centrioles, no plastids

  6. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. • All cells share certain characteristics. • Cells tend to be microscopic. • All cells are enclosed by a membrane. • All cells are filled with cytoplasm.

  7. Eukaryotic Membranes Parts of Cell --- organelle – “little organ” Plasma or cell membrane – outer membrane. Phospholipid (P+O+fat) Cell wall – outer membrane of plants. Made up of cellulose (we can’t digest)

  8. Eukaryotic Nucleus Nucleus– control center of cell. a. nuclear membrane – outside edge of nucleus. b. nucleolus – makes ribosomal RNA c. chromosomes – contains genetic material (DNA) d. nucleoplasm – fluid inside nucleus. Used to protect organelles within nucleus.

  9. What differences do you notice between the cells? Cell Wall No centrioles No cell Wall Centrioles Rigid shape Round shape Large Vacuole Small Vacuole Lacks chloroplast (plastids) Green Color!

  10. carbohydrate chain protein cell membrane cholesterol protein protein channel • Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. • The cell membrane is made of a phospholipidbilayer. • There are other molecules embedded in the membrane. • The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane. • It is responsible for protection and entering and exiting of molecules

  11. Membrane Proteins • Integral protein – any protein embedded into the membrane • Transmembrane proteins– receptor and transport proteins – extend • across the plasma membrane Peripheral proteins – aid in conformational changes to binded integral proteins Video!

  12. Other organelles have various functions. • Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.

  13. Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.

  14. Lysosomes (suicide sacs)- contain enzymes to digest material. Digest foreign bodies and recycle cell parts.

  15. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. • A cell wall provides rigid support.

  16. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid that converts solar energy to chemical energy.(photosynthesis)

  17. - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)transports materials throughout cell.Smooth ER – contains no ribosomesRough ER – has ribosomes

  18. Ribosomes- makes proteins • Can be on an ER or freely within cytoplasm

  19. Golgi Body (apparatus)-Packages proteins and lipids

  20. Peroxisomesbreakdown H2O2 into water and O2

  21. Microtubules/Microfilaments -cytoskeleton – shape and support

  22. Cilia/Flagella-used in cell movement • -- cilia – hair-like projections • -- flagella – longer and thicker

  23. Centrioles-only in animal cells-directs cell reproduction

  24. Cytoplasmfluid part of cell – “shock-absorber” • -- holds organelles in place Contains ions, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, etc

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