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Matter and Energy

Matter and Energy. Energy Reactions. Atoms and Elements. All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are microscopic particles, composed of protons neutrons and electrons Atoms come in over 110 types called elements. Each element has a name and symbol.

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Matter and Energy

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  1. Matter and Energy Energy Reactions

  2. Atoms and Elements • All matter is composed of atoms. • Atoms • are microscopic particles, composed of protons neutrons and electrons • Atoms come in over 110 types called elements. • Each element has a name and symbol. • Most living things are composed primarily of 4 elements; • Carbon (C) • Hydrogen (H) • Oxygen (O) • Nitrogen (N).

  3. Elements and Molecules and Compounds • Elements may exist as single atoms, molecules or compounds • Molecule: • consists of 2 or more atoms combined in a definite ratio. • Must be neutral • held together by covalent bonds. • Ex. Water • Compoundisa pure substances composed of atoms from two or more different elements: • NaCl • HCl • CO2

  4. Mixtures • Mixture: • collection of two or more substances physically mixed together is called a mixture. • Most mixtures can be separated by physical or chemical means. • Homogenous: • mixtures contain substances that are uniformly distributed: • Most beverage and liquids fall into this category • Heterogeneous: • mixtures contain substances that are not uniformly distributed, such as salad dressing or salsa.

  5. Mass and Energy • Mass and energy are closely related to the theory of relativity, by Albert Einstein • E=mc2 • In this equation • E = energy • m = mass • C = speed of light in a vacuum (2.998 x 108 m/s)

  6. Energy Types • Energy • the amount of work required to make some kind of a change. • Heat, light, sound, are all forms of energy. • Energy is present in all substances. • Chemical Energy: • is the energy that matter possesses because of its chemical make-up. • Thermal Energy: • is the energy released due to the motion of atoms and molecules • Mechanical Energy: • is the energy released to the movement of object against another object

  7. Release and storage of energy • Energy is released any time matter undergoes a change whether is be chemical or physical • endothermic • The absorption of energy during a phase change reaction • exothermic • The release of energy during a phase change reaction

  8. Chemical energy • Law of conservation of energy • During any physical or chemical change the total amount of energy remains constant. • Energy can not be created nor destroyed • energy in = energy out • Law of conservation of mass • During any physical or chemical change the total amount of matter remains constant. • mass in = mass out

  9. Energy Transfer as Heat • Temperature • measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. • Kinetic energy is the amount of energy released by the movement of atoms.

  10. Measuring temperature • Temperature is measured using these units • Fahrenheit • °Celsius • °Kelvin • Kelvin is based on the average kinetic energy of molecules • 0 K is considered absolute zero • The point at which there is no molecular movement

  11. Key temperatures • Freezing Point of Water Boling Point of Water • K 273 373 • C 0 100 • F 32 212

  12. Temperature conversions • Celsius -> Kelvin • x°C+ (273.15)= K • 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K • Kevin -> Celsius • °K –273 = Celsius • 373°K –273 = 100 °C

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