BIOMATERIAL TECHNOLOGY

1. BIOMATERIAL TECHNOLOGY

2. CONTENT What is biomaterial? Historical development Areas of usage Biocompatibility Classification of biomaterials

3. Biomaterials To carry out / support the functions of living tissues in human body Natural or synthetic materials Contact with body fluids (blood, joint liquid and other body fluids) continuously or at certain intervals

4. History of biomaterials Artificial eye, nose and teeth found in egypt mummies. Gold teeth were utilized 2000 years ago. Bronzeand copper bone implants were used before christ. Tush prosthesis were placed in body in 1880. First metal prosthesis made with vitallium alloy were produced in 1938. Alumina and zirconium were utilized in 1972.

5. While, Natural materials like wood and rubber tree Artificial materials like gold and glass are used as biometerials, trial and error studies were performed. IN THE BEGINNING

6. NOWADAYS • The researches place emphasize on the interaction between the tissue and biomaterials • Important differences especially between living and nonliving materials were identified

7. The first successful synthetic implants, bone plates used in the treatment of fractures in the skeleton

8. Medical Uses • Biomaterials; • - implants • - extracorporeal devices . • - pharmaceutical products (used as synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid, enteric coating of tablets, capsules), • - diagnostic kits (blood assay used in the microbiological diagnostic kits)

9. Biotechnological Applications • Support the production of cell technology as a material of cells and cellular products, • Waste water treatment as an adsorbent material, • biosensors, • Biyoayırma transactions, • Enzymes, tissues, cells, and immobilization of bioactive substances and Biochips

10. Obstacles to overcome • Biomaterials, used in the human body with a very variable conditions; • According to the different tissues of body fluids, the pH ranged from 1 to 9 • About 4 MPa of the bones, tendons exposed to the stress value of 40-80 MPa

11. Biocompatibility • Biocompatibility: The ability to respond to the appropriate body system during the application of the material • The most important feature of biomaterial

12. BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS • Biocompatible materials, should not interfere with the normal changes in the surrounding tissuesand should adjust, also should not occur adverse tissue reactions (inflammation, clot formation).

13. Structural Compatible The optimum fit of the biomaterial body tissues to mechanical behaviours Surface Compatible The physical, chemical and biolagical compatance of the biomaterials with body tissues Wintermantel ve MayerBIOCOMPATIBLE

14. Natural and Synthetic Materials Use in Implant Devices

15. Skin/cartilage Drug Delivery Devices Ocular implants Bone replacements Orthopedic screws/fixation Synthetic BIOMATERIALS Metals Ceramics Polymers Dental Implants Dental Implants Semiconductor Materials Biosensors Implantable Microelectrodes CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS

16. METALIC BIOMATERIALS • Crystal structures and strong metallic bonds-orthopedic applications -the face and jaw surgery -cardio-vascular surgery material joint prosthesis and bone renewal Dental implant Artificial heart parts, heart valve

17. Types of Metallic Biomaterials Synthetic; • The first metal developed for use in the human body, “Sherman-Vanadyum Steel” Natural; • Taken to body from outside or formed during or as a result of metabolism (Synthesis of cobalt in vitamin B12, iron occurs as a function of cell)

18. Corrosion; • The undesired chemical reaction of metals with their surruondings that forms oxygen, hydroxide and other compounds then degradation Corroding MetalXBiocompatible

19. Metals used as Biomaterials • Steel • Cobalt-containing alloys • Titanium and titanium containing alloys • Dental amalgam (XHg) • Gold • Nickel- titanium alloys

20. Dental Implant • Biomaterials; • Filling materials, • Dental implant • Active in re-creation of tooth tissue factors

21. BIOCERAMICS • Bioceramics; repair the parts of body that injured or lost their function, restructuringor special ceramics are designed to replace; - polycrystalline structure ceramic (alumina), - bioactive glass, - bioactive glass-ceramics, - bioactive composites…

22. Using Areas of Bioceramics • Glasses, • Diagnostic devices, • Thermometers, • Tissue culture vessels. • Filling materials, • Gold-porcelain coating, • Prosthetic parts Health Sector Dental

23. Advantage of Bioceramics The resistance to • Microorganisms, • Temparature, • Solvents • pH changes • High pressures is the advantage in health and dental aplications

24. BIOCERAMICS • Bioactive ceramic, that allows the chemical bond formation between tissue and implant • Bioinert ceramic, that doesn’t allow the chemical bond formation between tissue and implant BIOINERT BIOACTIVE

25. Bioceramics Acoording to Structural Functions • Oxide ceramics, inert structure, polycrystalline ceramics consisting of metal ions in the plane formed by the dissolution of oxygen ions Alumina(Al2O3) orthopedic applications Zirconia(ZrO2) femoral prosthese

26. Calcium-phosphate ceramics; their structure is the form of multiple oxides of calcium and phosphate atoms • Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH, • Tricalcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 • Oktacalcium phosphate CaH(PO4)3.2OH In medicine and dentistry

27. Glass and glass-ceramics: Silica(SiO2) –based ceramics (Includes Lithium-Aluminum or Magnesium-Aluminum crystals) • Bioglass: Instead of some silica groups, calcium, phosphorus or sodium is present(SiO2, Na2O, CaO, P2O5)

28. Bioceramics are used repair or renewal of a hard connective tissue in the skeleton • The elderly, the bones are very brittle slow-moving cracks, uncertainties to durability in different strokes and pressures The most important reasons for limiting the use of bioceramics,

29. Interaction of bioceramics with tissues • All materials placed on live tissue, takes response from tissue TISSUE - IMPLANT

30. FEATURES TO BE PROVIDED FOR TISSUE-IMPLANT HARMONY

32. Classification of Bioceramics According to tissue responses Ceramic implants are non-toxic

33. POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS • Polimer, small, long-chain molecules that are formed by repeated units. monomer + monomer polymer

34. Polymer chains, are in linear/branched structure • Branched structure, is formed with connection of side brances to the main polymer chain • If these branched sides connect with another main chain,“cross-linked”polymer is formed.

35. Polymers and Using Areas • PMMA (polymethyl metacrilat) • 2- hydroxyethylmetacrilat (HEMA) • Polythene (PE) • Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Intraocular lens and hard contact lenses Soft contact lens Artificial hip prostheses Vascular prostheses Blood transfusions, dialysis, nutrition

36. NATURAL POLYMERS • Natural polymers, are biologically produced unique functional polymers * Proteins (collagen,gelatin) * Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, hyaluronic acid) * Polynucleotides (DNA and RNA)

37. USING AREAS • Thickener, • Constructive Gel, • Binding, • Deploying Agent, • Lubricant, • Adhesive, • Biomaterials

38. ADVANTAGES Similar or identical to the biological macromolecules Structural degradation in the presence of enzyme, (biodegradable) DISADVANTAGES Changes in composition depending on the source from which they obtained, Decays at high temperatures Difficulty in shape Be immunogenic NATURAL POLYMERS

39. Today,scientists are tendency to produce polymers that can tolerate alloying, blending and reactive ekstrusion . • In the industrial biotechnology field, the lactic acid polymer polyactides (PLA) is usually used. • Biotechnological processes such as fermentation of lactic acid is produced from natural materials, dimerization and purified. • D or L Polylactide lactide RING OPENING POLYMERISATION

40. COMPOSITES TISSUES • Considering the structural compatibility, metals or seramics are choosing for hard tissue applications, polymers are choosing for soft tissue applications. HARD SOFT Bone Blood vessels Tooth Skin and connective tissue

41. The hardness degree of metals and ceramics defined by “elastic modulus”, 10-20 times more than hard tissue in the human body • One of the most important problems encountered in orthopedic surgery, the degree of hardness of a metal or ceramic implant bone adaptation to each other

42. Composites are multi-phase materials are composed two or more different chemical composition materials maintainning the boundaries and features. Matrix Strengthening Polymer Glass Carbon Polymer fibers Powder ceramics

43. ADVANTAGES • They can be used in orthopedical applications because they have high resistance and elastic modules. • The changability of composite material composition • Resistant to corrosion • Rare metal fatigue • Metal ion oscillation is not seen • Less fragility

44. Usage Areas • Composites are used as soft tissue implant in orthopedical and dental applications. • Polymer composites are compatible with modern diagnosis systems like magnetic resonance (MRI) and tomography (CT) through they are not magnetic. • Composites are used as structural component in X-ray radiography because they are light and they have superior mechanical features.

45. Usage Areas Of Biomaterials

46. BIOSENSORS • Biosensorsare analytical devices which have a biological indicator and which is unified with a physicochemical converter. To measure and transmit the body temperature.

47. 3 Basic Component • Biomolecule / bioagent • Converter • Electronical

48. Usage Areas • Clinical • Diagnostic, • Medical applications, • Bioreactors, • Quality control, • Agriculture and Veterinary, • Drug production, • Industrial water waste audit, • Mining, • Military defending industry.

49. BIOCHIPS • Biohips are defined as microprocessors that can be used biologically. • A biochip can be percieved as ultra-miniature test tubes. Surface area of a bipchip is not much more than a nail.

50. Usage Areas • Genetical area • Toxicology • Biochemical researches. Biochip and bacterium