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Chapter 3 The Biosphere

Chapter 3 The Biosphere. 3.1 What is ecology? . Ecology : scientific study of interactions among & betwn org & env’t Ernst Haeckel (1866)-oikos: “house” Largest “house”: Biosphere: Life Layer: land, water, & atmo, supports life 8 Km atm to 11Km below ocean. Levels of Organization.

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Chapter 3 The Biosphere

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  1. Chapter 3 The Biosphere

  2. 3.1 What is ecology? • Ecology: scientific study of interactions among & betwn org & env’t • Ernst Haeckel (1866)-oikos: “house” • Largest “house”: Biosphere: • Life Layer: land, water, & atmo, supports life • 8 Km atm to 11Km below ocean

  3. Levels of Organization Biome: eco w/ same climate & dominate community All org in area w/ env’t Diff pop in same area Grp of same organism (species) in 1 area 1 organism

  4. Ecological Research • Observation: 1st step in designing experiment/model • Experimentation: test hypo • artificial env’t in lab or natural env’t • Model: use computer/formula to study • for studies over time or large spacial scale • global warming • for ethical reasons Ex: use of mice

  5. 3.2 Energy Flow • Sunlight: main NRG source for life • Autotrophs: (producers) produce food using E from env’t • Photosynthesis: plants/algae convert sunlight E into food NRG (Carbs) • 6CO2 + 6H2OC6H12O6 + 6O2

  6. Autotroph (cont) • Chemosynthesis: bacteria convert chemical NRG into carb NRG

  7. Heterotroph-Consumer: eat food for NRG Herbivore: plant eaters Carnivore: animal eaters Omnivore: eat plants & animals

  8. Heterotrophs (cont) Detrivore: feed on remains/dead matter Decomposer: breakdown organic matter

  9. Food Chain • One-way stepwise flow of NRG

  10. Food Web • More complex feeding relationships (many food chains)

  11. Trophic Levels • NRG steps from sun, producers = 1st level l

  12. Energy Pyramid • Rule of 10%-decrease amt of NRG at each trophic level

  13. Biomass Pyramid • Amount of living organic tissue/level

  14. Pyramid of Numbers • # of indiv org at each level

  15. 3.3 Cycles of Matter (within/betwn ecosystems) • Biogeochemical cycles: forms of matter • connects biology, geological and chemical aspects of the biosphere • Continuous Cycle Never stops

  16. Water Cycle • Precipitation/condensation (dew) • Evaportation/transpiration (plant evap) Condensation Precip- rain Transpiration (evap from plants)

  17. Carbon Cycle • CO2 to producer w/photosyn (sugar) • Consumer eats prod w/C (carbs) • Cellular respir breaks down food • C released back into eco as CO2

  18. Nitrogen Cycle • Org require N for Amino Acid for proteins • N2 (gas) abundant in atmo • N-fixing-bacteria (on legume root) turn N2 into ammonia (useable by plants) • Decomposers return N2 to atmo

  19. Limiting Nutrient • Scarce nutrient, cycles slowly thru sys • Ex: Algae Bloom: growth removes O2 causing other org to die

  20. 4.2 What shapes an Ecosystem? • Biotic Factors: living (plants/anmls) • Abiotic Factors: physical (temp, precip) • Both influence survival, growth, & productivity in habitat (area where org lives)

  21. Niche • Role in community, “occupation” • Depends on abiotic & biotic factors • One species/niche (competitive exclusion principle) • Includes: food it eats, how it eats, when & how it reproduces

  22. Community Interactions 1. Competition: Struggle btw org for limited resources (food, water)

  23. Community Interaction 2. Predation: 1 org hunts/kills for food • Predator/Prey

  24. Community Interaction 3. Symbiosis: 2 species close together • Mutualism: Both benefit (win-win) • Commensalism: 1 benefits/ other not helped/harmed

  25. Parasitism: 1 (helped) lives in/on another (harmed) • Ex: Aphids & tapeworm

  26. Ecological Succession • Predicatable changes in ecosystem • Primary Succession: w/no soil • Pioneer species (1st species): Lichens & mosses break rock to soil

  27. Secondary Succession: disturbance w/o removing soil • Ex: Fire, tornado, hurricanes

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