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The New Science of Life

Explore the incredible progress made in our understanding of genetic mechanisms, leading to groundbreaking advancements in medicine and other aspects of our lives. Topics include genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, stem cells and regenerative medicine, computer-assisted drug design, gene therapy, and mitochondrial DNA.

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The New Science of Life

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  1. The New Science of Life Chapter 24 Great Idea: Our new understanding of genetic mechanisms is leading to enormous technological advances in medicine and other aspects of our lives.

  2. Chapter Outline • The Technology of Genes • Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine • The New Face of Medicine • Unraveling the Past: Mitochondrial DNA

  3. The Technology of Genes

  4. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering • Foreign genes inserted • Existing genes altered • Technique • Restriction enzymes cut DNA • Another DNA strand binds • New gene is expressed • Examples • Insulin • Agriculture • GMO • DOA • FDA • EPA • Bioterrorism

  5. DNA Fingerprinting • DNA fingerprinting • Analysis of DNA in human tissue • Uses • identify criminals • identify victims • Process • Analyze DNA sections for repeats • Compare to individual of interest • VNTR • STR

  6. Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine

  7. Stem Cells, Cloning, and Regenerative Medicine • Gene Control • Genes on or off • Produce only copies • Early development • Pluripotent • Develop into any cell in body • Development • Blastocyst • Outer cells: placenta • Inner cells: embryonic stem cells • Gastrula • Not pluripotent • Differentiation • Adulthood • Somatic or adult stem cells • Stem Cell Line • Reproduce without differentiation

  8. The New Face of Medicine

  9. Computer-Assisted Drug Design • Medicine • One or more molecules • Bond to specific molecules • Change cellular chemistry • Research • Previous • Search in nature • Current • Use molecular techniques • Design drugs from scratch • CADD • Example • Protease inhibitors

  10. Cancer-A Different Kind of Genetic Disease • Normal Cell • guardianship • Cancer • Cells reproduce without restraint • Due to genetic defect • Usually 5-6 damaged genes • Collection of diseases • Genetic defects • Increase cancer probability • Lifetime risk >80% • Cure • Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy • Gene therapy

  11. Gene Therapy • Gene therapy • Replace defective gene with healthy gene • In vivo • In vitro • Example • SCID • Problems • Genes inserted randomly • No proteins made • Therapeutic viruses

  12. DNA Repair in the Cell • Damage • Outside cell • Human developed • Nature • Inside cell • Repair mechanisms • Point defect • Enzymes remove section • Mismatch • Remove length of DNA • Reconstruct section

  13. Unraveling the Past:Mitochondrial DNA

  14. Unraveling the Past:Mitochondrial DNA • Mitochondria • Independent DNA (mtDNA) • Single loop • 37 genes • Non-coding section • 1000 base pairs • Use to study human evolution • All mitochondria from mother

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