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Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering & Gel Electrophoresis

Learn about genetic engineering techniques, including gel electrophoresis, and their applications in agriculture and industry. Explore the ethical issues surrounding genetic engineering. Includes a gel electrophoresis simulation activity.

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Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering & Gel Electrophoresis

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  1. Agenda: 3/11 • Grab the Biotechnology Notes from the basket • Order of Operations: • Protein Synthesis Review??? • Biotechnology Notes • Gel Electrophoresis Simulation • Time for vocab project • Reminders: 2nd section of vocab project due 4/12! Midterm on FRIDAY!

  2. Agenda: 3/12 • Get out your Biotechnology Notes (what you picked up yesterday!) • Order of Operations: • Biotechnology Notes • Gel Electrophoresis Simulation • Time for vocab project / time to organize notebook • Reminders: 2nd section of vocab project due 4/12! Midterm on FRIDAY!

  3. Biotechnology Understanding the Application

  4. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering refers to any process in which man alters an organism’s DNA • Examples: cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMO), etc. • This unit, we will be exploring different types of genetic engineering and the ethical issues that arise within the field!

  5. Gel electrophoresis

  6. Gel electrophoresis • Gel electrophoresis is the process of separating molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) based on size • This process of comparing DNA is used in a number of things, including: identifying individuals through fingerprinting, parental ID, and evolutionary relationships!

  7. Steps in Gel Electrophoresis • DNA samples are cut into different sized fragments using restriction enzymes • Fragments are run on gels through an electric current. Longer fragments move slowly (not as far), while smaller pieces will move faster (farther) • These movements will create bands on the gel that can be read under UV light or through staining • The different bands can be compared to other DNA segments for genetic similarities

  8. Using Gels: Identifying Individuals • DNA fingerprints are different for every person (except identical twins) • Can be used to identify suspects…which suspect’s gel matches the crime scene?

  9. Using Gels: Paternity • Parental gels can help determine the father • Gels are read with half the bands coming from mom, and half from dad • In this gel, is the father shown in A or B?

  10. Using Gels: Endangered Species • Species can be identified using gel electrophoresis- used in identifying and cataloguing species

  11. Gel Electrophoresis simulation

  12. Transgenic Organisms

  13. What is a Transgenic Organism? • A transgenic organism is any organism that has a gene from another organism within it • Inserting a foreign piece of DNA into a cell • Transgenic organisms come about when humans would like the traits of one organism to be present in another! • Transgenic organisms are commonly used in agriculture and industries like pharmaceutical companies

  14. Transgenic Organisms: Agriculture • Sometimes, transgenic organisms are grown in agriculture in order to help keep crops healthy, resist pests, produce higher yield and last longer. • Examples include: • BT Corn-pesticide resistant corn that incorporates a gene poisonous to insects: this prevents insects from eating it • Frost resistant strawberries-a gene inserted from arctic fish allows strawberries to grow in colder seasons • Sometimes, they are grown in agriculture to appeal to human tastes • Examples: Grapples (part apple, part grape)

  15. Transgenic organisms: Industry • Transgenic organisms have allowed for the production of things previously unavailable to us • Example: The production of Human Insulin • Insulin diabetics must inject insulin because their body does not produce or use it normally • Thanks to genetic engineering, scientists have found a way to create synthetic insulin produced by bacteria or yeast • Things like this are done through a process called bacterial transformation

  16. Steps of Bacterial Transformation • First, you must isolate the gene of interest • Insertion of foreign DNA gene into bacterial plasmid. Done using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. • A plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can be separated from the chromosomal DNA and replicate independently; typically used in lab manipulation of genes • Getting bacteria to take in the plasmid; Recombinant DNA is inserted into the bacteria. • Selecting the successfully transformed bacteria • Producing the product • The bacteria has now been modified to produce the product based on the genes that were selected and inserted (ex. Insulin in bacteria) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpmNfv1jKuA

  17. Selective Breeding • When man chooses specific organisms to breed to get desired offspring • Ex. Dogs

  18. Bacterial Transformation Lab • You need THREE papers! (plasmid, chromosomal DNA, and diagram/analysis questions) • Cut out plasmid and chromosomal DNA • Tape ends of plasmid together to form a circle • Find the ONE recognition site on the plasmid and the TWO recognition sites on the chromosomal DNA and CUT AS SHOWN on the white board! • Tape insulin gene and plasmid together to form a circle • Fill in diagram and answer analysis questions

  19. Agenda: 10/30 • Grab a Mitosis and Meiosis Review sheet from the basket and start working on it! • Today’s Order of Operations: • Mitosis & Meiosis Review • Recombinant DNA technology video • Finish Biotechnology Notes • Ethical Biotech Gallery Crawl • Review for test! • Reminders: Unit 1 and 2 Test Thur. 11/1! 2nd section of vocab project due 11/16 (**extra credit for turning in early!) 1st BLOCK BRING IN CANS! Notebook check on THURSDAY! Study Guide is on Kahoot! Sent through Remind and posted on website!

  20. The Human Genome Project

  21. Human Genome Project • Started in 1990, the Human Genome Project was started with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up human DNA • Scientists wanted to identify and map all the genes of the human genome!

  22. Why The human genome project? • The Human Genome Project was established with the hope that knowing the human genome would allow them not only to identify genes that cause genetic conditions (diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc.), but also treat those diseases!

  23. The human genome project • The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in April of 2003! • For the first time, scientists were able to read the genetic blueprint of a human being! • Just as scientists hoped, this project has been useful in determining carrying genes and developing gene therapy

  24. Gene therapyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKerTa8yLRM • Gene therapy is a method of using genes to treat or prevent disease • Nucleic acids polymers inserted into cells as a drug are used to express proteins or interfere with expression • Remember-DNA codes for proteins that determine traits! • Uses include: • Immunodeficiency-An immunodeficiency disease in one in which disorders prevent the body from fighting infections and diseases the way it should • Cystic Fibrosis

  25. Ethical issues in genomics and biotechnology

  26. Genetically modified Organisms • Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are often a big debate-especially since many are consumed by us! • Examples: disease resistant plants • They are produced for numerous reasons in order to benefit consumers, including increasing crop production, lowering prices • There is debate, however, on whether this is always safe for human consumption since the modifications do not occur naturally • Allergies, gene transfer to cells of the body, etc.

  27. The debate over biotechnology • When talking about this topic, the largest issue is always the ethical implications of such methods • What do you think? • Should science improve humans? • Should science improve other organisms? • What consequences might there be to this technology? • Let’s look at some examples of debated biotechnology techniques…

  28. cloning • Making an identical copy of an organism • Done through 1. Taking unfertilized egg of female and removing nucleus, 2. Retrieving nucleus of somatic (body) cell of individual you would like to clone, 3. Inserting the somatic nucleus into egg cell and 4. Providing growth factors needed • First animal to be cloned was Dolly the sheep in 1996

  29. Gene Therapy • Recall that gene therapy uses the alteration of a person’s genes to treat genetic conditions • Ethical issues surrounding this include: • Who decides which traits are normal/faulty? • Will this only be available to wealthy individuals? • Should it be used to enhance other traits, like height, intelligence, or athletic ability?

  30. Stem Cells • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can become any different type of cells • Recall that differentiation takes place as a zygote develops-undifferentiated cells become complex system of tissues and cell types • Embryonic Stem Cells- Can become all cell types in the human body • Adult Stem Cells- Thought to be limited to differentiating into only those cell types of their tissue of origin (brain, heart, blood, etc.)

  31. Stem cell research • Stem cells are used in research with the potential to treat diseases and aid in research • However, ethical issues cause debate since stem cells are derived from zygotes- In order to use them, human embryos must be destroyed • Debate is still ongoing, but new research about stimulating a patients cells to behave like stem cells may open new possibilities

  32. What do you think?

  33. Agenda: 10/31 • Grab a Cells review sheet from the basket and start working on it • Today’s Order of Operations: • Cells review sheet • Review for Unit 1 and 2 Test • Reminders: STUDY GUIDE ON KAHOOT THRU REMIND OR SCHOOL WEBSITE!!!, Unit 1 and 2 Test TOMORROW!, Notebook check tomorrow!, Section 2 of vocab project due 11/16 (**extra credit for turning in early!)

  34. Agenda: 11/1 • Place BINDERS on back table by door! • Today’s Order of Operations: • Unit 1 and 2 Test • Unit 1 and 2 Test Corrections • Time for 2nd section of vocab project • Reminders: Section 2 of vocab project due 11/16 (**extra credit for turning in early!)

  35. Unit 1 and 2 test on schoolnet • Log in to computer • Log in to Zscaler • Log in to NCEdCloud • Click on SchoolNet (little red house) • Code: GA4BY3QE9 • When finished start on corrections. Format is the same as last time!

  36. Define, write Pros & cons, AND GIVE EXAMPLES of the following… Group 1: USING EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Group 2: “DESIGNER BABIES” Group 3: MODIFYING PLANTS FOR CONSUMPTION OR MEDICAL USE Group 4: MODIFYING ANIMALS FOR CONSUMPTION OR MEDICAL USE Group 5: ALTERING GENES IN A HUMAN

  37. Using embryonic stem cells • What are embryonic stem cells? • Where do embryonic stem cells come from? • What happens to the embryo? • What are the pros? • What are the cons?

  38. Designer babies • What are designer babies? • What are the pros? • What are the cons? • Would this practice be available to everyone? • **please add more important information about designer babies**

  39. Modifying plants or animals for human consumption • What types of modifications have been made to plants or animals? • What are the pros? • What are the cons?

  40. Modifying plants or animals for medicinal use • What types of plants or animals have been modified for medicinal use? • What types of modifications have been made to these plants or animals? • What are the pros? • What are the cons?

  41. Altering genes in a human • Who decides what genes can be modified in a human? • What are the pros? • What are the cons?

  42. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Reviewcopy chart and fill it in!

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