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RISC and Parallel Processing: Concepts in Computer Architecture

This week's focus is on RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architectures along with the principles of parallel processing. We'll explore crucial concepts such as micro-operations, synchronization, gate delays, and interrupt processing. The session will highlight differences between CISC and RISC, their implications on chip design, and performance optimization. Additional topics include types of parallel processing (SISD, SIMD, MISD, and MIMD) and processor organization within clusters. Prepare for a quiz reviewing vital computer architecture concepts.

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RISC and Parallel Processing: Concepts in Computer Architecture

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  1. RISC & Parallel Processing Week 14 Computer Architecture Computer Architecture

  2. Review Keywords & Concepts • English words & ideas you must know: • Micro-Operation • Timing considerations • Synchronizations • Gate delays • Processor control signals • Interrupt processing • Internal CPU BUS Computer Architecture

  3. What we will learn today • Collect Homework • RISC • Concepts • CISC vs RISC • Parallel Processing • Types of Parallel Processing • Symmetric Multiprocessors • Clusters • Review Computer Architecture

  4. Why CISC vs. RISC • Chips getting bigger & bigger • Requiring more & more power • Not being used effectively (poor cost / value) • Difficult to optimize • Speed limitations Computer Architecture

  5. CISC • Complex Instruction Set Computer • Instruction set (machine language) is complex • Large variation in instruction sizes • Large variation in instruction execution times • Many specialized instructions • Many special instructions seldom used • IBM 370, DEC VAX, Intel 80486 Computer Architecture

  6. RISC • Reduced Instruction Set Computer • Limited and simple instruction set • Large number of general purpose registers • Emphasis on optimizing instruction pipeline • Sun SPAEC, MIPS R4000 Computer Architecture

  7. CISC vs. RISC • CISC • Some instructions are used with very high frequency • Some instructions are used with very low frequency • Design of chip is expensive & complex • There is limited ‘real estate’ on a chip! • There is limited power available to chip! • NOTE: • higher power  MORE heat!!! (more electricity) • more heat  more cooling fans, heat sinks, etc Computer Architecture

  8. CISC vs. RISC • RISC is an effort to simplify a CPU chip • Only implement frequently used instructions • Uses simpler addressing mode(s) • Less complex chip so easier to design • Has more registers • Easier to optimize hardware & software • Requires less power / less cooling • Chips can be physically smaller • Faster to design  less time between generations Computer Architecture

  9. Parallel Processing • Problem(s) too difficult for 1 computer (CPU) • Either too much data or too much computation • Spread processing across more then 1 CPU Computer Architecture

  10. Simple example • Today’s computers (i.e. Intel based PC) • Main processor (Intel Pentium) • GPU – Graphics Processing Unit ( graphics card) • Intelligent I/O devices • Network card (has CPU) • Disk (HD’s, CD-ROM’s, DVD’s) Controllers (has CPU) • UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) Computer Architecture

  11. Types of Parallel Processing • SISD – Single Instruction , Single Data • SIMD – Single Instruction, Multiple Data • MISD – Multiple Instruction, Single Data • MIMD – Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data Computer Architecture

  12. Processor Organization • SISD • Single processor • SIMD • Vector processor • Array processor • MISD • MIMD • Shared memory (tightly coupled) • SMP – Symmetric Multi-Processor • NUMA – Non-uniform memory Access • Distributed memory (loosely coupled) • Cluster Computer Architecture

  13. Clusters • Provides high performance • Provides high reliability • Cost effective • Easy to expand • Heterogeneous vs. homogeneous • Not good for ALL problems! Computer Architecture

  14. Big Quiz Thursday, July 21 4:20 – 5:50 Review Weeks 1 - 13 Computer Architecture

  15. HomeworkWeek 14 Study!!For BIG QUIZ! Computer Architecture

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