Questions

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2. H2O CO2 CH4 O3 CCl2F2 ___The most abundant nonanthropogenic gas ___ A greenhouse gas that is exclusively anthropogenic ___ A green house gas that, in the lower troposphere, is formed by photochemical reactions

3. H2O CO2 CH4 O3 CCl2F2 ___The most abundant nonanthropogenic gas A ___ A greenhouse gas that is exclusively anthropogenic E ___ A green house gas that, in the lower troposphere, is formed by photochemical reactions D

4. Uranium-238 Coal Natural Gas Oil Solar __ Is primarily responsible for acid rain in the northeast U.S. __ Is renewable __ Currently proven global reserves are expected to be largely exhausted in the next 50 years __ Occurs naturally in bedrock and leads to the formation of radon

5. Uranium-238 Coal Natural Gas Oil Solar __ Is primarily responsible for acid rain in the northeast U.S. B __ Is renewable E __ Currently proven global reserves are expected to be largely exhausted in the next 50 years D __ Occurs naturally in bedrock and leads to the formation of radon A

6. Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution? Overflow from a sewage treatment plant Outgassing from a municipal landfill Dumping at food-processing plant Drainage from an abandon mine Runoff from agriculture fields

7. Waste from which of the following is an example of nonpoint source pollution? Overflow from a sewage treatment plant Outgassing from a municipal landfill Dumping at food-processing plant Drainage from an abandon mine Runoff from agriculture fields E

8. A 1-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields one small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? The species richness The pond�s productivity The uniformity of species distribution in the pond The degree of disturbance The stability of the ecosystem

9. A 1-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields one small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? The species richness The pond�s productivity The uniformity of species distribution in the pond The degree of disturbance A The stability of the ecosystem

10. A 1-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields one small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled in a year, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development? An uncommon species has become more numerous An increase in low-tolerance species An decrease in high-tolerance species Phylogenetic diversity has increased The biodiversity of the pond has decreased

11. A 1-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields one small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled in a year, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development? An uncommon species has become more numerous An increase in low-tolerance species An decrease in high-tolerance species Phylogenetic diversity has increased The biodiversity of the pond has decreased E

12. Which of the following is an environmental problem associated with abandoned coal mines? Thermal pollution of streams in the area Acid drainage due to leaching of spoil heaps by rainwater Air pollution caused by smog from ozone formation Alkaline solutions that pollute streams Released nutrients that cause eutrophication

13. Which of the following is an environmental problem associated with abandoned coal mines? Thermal pollution of streams in the area Acid drainage due to leaching of spoil heaps by rainwater Air pollution caused by smog from ozone formation Alkaline solutions that pollute streams Released nutrients that cause eutrophication B

14. Some solar energy systems produce high-temperature water for industrial applications and produce steam to run turbines that generate electricity. What type of solar energy system is needed for these kind of applications? A flat-panel solar collector system A solar-collector system using mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight A passive solar system that uses building design to block summer sunlight A flat non-tracking array of photovoltaic panels A passive solar system that uses building design to collect winter sunlight

15. Some solar energy systems produce high-temperature water for industrial applications and produce steam to run turbines that generate electricity. What type of solar energy system is needed for these kind of applications? A flat-panel solar collector system A solar-collector system using mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight A passive solar system that uses building design to block summer sunlight A flat non-tracking array of photovoltaic panels A passive solar system that uses building design to collect winter sunlight B

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18. Which of the following is the best example of an energy storage element in a solar energy system The photovoltaic array in a solar electric system The overhang that blocks sunlight in a passively cooled home The insulated windows in a passively heated solar home The sun-tracking mirrors in a power tower system The hot water tank in a solar hot water system

19. Which of the following is the best example of an energy storage element in a solar energy system The photovoltaic array in a solar electric system The overhang that blocks sunlight in a passively cooled home The insulated windows in a passively heated solar home The sun-tracking mirrors in a power tower system The hot water tank in a solar hot water system E

20. Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size? Clay, Sand, Silt Clay, Silt, Sand, Sand, Clay, Silt Sand, Silt, Clay, Silt, Clay, Sand,

21. Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size? Clay, Sand, Silt Clay, Silt, Sand, B Sand, Clay, Silt Sand, Silt, Clay, Silt, Clay, Sand,

22. All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lake except Dredging out lakes to deepen them Pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water Introducing insects that can eat certain nuisance plants Applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants Adding nitrates

23. All of the following are commonly used to deal with the side effects of eutrophication in lake except Dredging out lakes to deepen them Pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water Introducing insects that can eat certain nuisance plants Applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants Adding nitrates E

24. In the U. S., over � of the fish extinctions in the last century were driven to extinction by Oil spills Agriculture runoff Alien species Overfishing Pollution

25. In the U. S., over � of the fish extinctions in the last century were driven to extinction by Oil spills Agriculture runoff Alien species Overfishing Pollution C

26. How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon? Photosynthesis is reduced by increased smoke and haze Carbon release from the burning is not in a form that can be readily reabsorbed by plants, leaving residual carbon in the atmosphere Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and biosphere Carbon released by burning is more easily absorbed in the atmosphere than that reduced by natural means Carbon increased by burning increases plant growth, producing more carbon for the atmosphere

27. How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon? Photosynthesis is reduced by increased smoke and haze Carbon release from the burning is not in a form that can be readily reabsorbed by plants, leaving residual carbon in the atmosphere Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and biosphere C Carbon released by burning is more easily absorbed in the atmosphere than that reduced by natural means Carbon increased by burning increases plant growth, producing more carbon for the atmosphere

28. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of phytoremediation? The concentration of toxic materials in the tissue of organisms as they move through successive trophic levels The breaking down of toxic materials in the natural environment by light The remediation of an ecosystem degraded by human activities back to its original structure and composition The use of plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials from the soil The use of bacteria and other microorganisms to break down hazardous waste

29. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of phytoremediation? The concentration of toxic materials in the tissue of organisms as they move through successive trophic levels The breaking down of toxic materials in the natural environment by light The remediation of an ecosystem degraded by human activities back to its original structure and composition The use of plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials from the soil The use of bacteria and other microorganisms to break down hazardous waste D

30. Which of the following elements is most likely to limit primary production in fresh water lakes? Oxygen Calcium Phosphorus Carbon Iron

31. Which of the following elements is most likely to limit primary production in fresh water lakes? Oxygen Calcium Phosphorus Carbon Iron C

32. Some automobiles in the U.S. are fueled by natural gas. What is the primary environmental advantage of natural gas relative to gasoline as a transportation fuel? The U.S. has 60% of the world�s proven natural gas reserves. Natural gas is a renewable resource that is usually produced from agricultural products When natural gas is burned in an automobile engine, the only emission product is water vapor. Natural gas combustion emits fewer pollutants There is an extensive retail distribution network for natural gas so it is available at most gas stations

33. Some automobiles in the U.S. are fueled by natural gas. What is the primary environmental advantage of natural gas relative to gasoline as a transportation fuel? The U.S. has 60% of the world�s proven natural gas reserves. D Natural gas is a renewable resource that is usually produced from agricultural products When natural gas is burned in an automobile engine, the only emission product is water vapor. Natural gas combustion emits fewer pollutants There is an extensive retail distribution network for natural gas so it is available at most gas stations

34. Which of the following is used to reduce SO2 emissions from coal-burning power plants? Catalytic converters Ultrafine mechanical filters Electrostatic precipitators Wet-scrubber units Afterburners

35. Which of the following is used to reduce SO2 emissions from coal-burning power plants? Catalytic converters Ultrafine mechanical filters Electrostatic precipitators Wet-scrubber units Afterburners D

36. Global climate change occurs because increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in The troposphere absorb outgoing IR radiation The stratosphere absorb outgoing IR radiation The troposphere absorb incoming UV radiation The stratosphere absorb incoming UV radiation Neither the stratosphere or troposphere absorb incoming UV radiation

37. Global climate change occurs because increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in The troposphere absorb outgoing IR radiation The stratosphere absorb outgoing IR radiation The troposphere absorb incoming UV radiation The stratosphere absorb incoming UV radiation Neither the stratosphere or troposphere absorb incoming UV radiation A

38. The use of nitrogen based fertilizers in the Mid-western U.S. is a major contributing factor to which of the following? Spread of West Nile virus Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico Water shortages in communities near the Great Lakes Soil erosion in Texas The increase in severe storms in the Southeastern U.S.

39. The use of nitrogen based fertilizers in the Mid-western U.S. is a major contributing factor to which of the following? Spread of West Nile virus Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico Water shortages in communities near the Great Lakes Soil erosion in Texas The increase in severe storms in the Southeastern U.S. B

40. Although levels of CFCs in the atmosphere are much lower than those of CO2 , CFCs are still potent greenhouse gasses because they Remain in the atmosphere for only a brief time Lack natural sources Are much more efficient at absorbing thermal radiation Circulate through the troposphere more easily than CO2 does Are more difficult to remove from smokestacks and tailpipes

41. Although levels of CFCs in the atmosphere are much lower than those of CO2 , CFCs are still potent greenhouse gasses because they Remain in the atmosphere for only a brief time Lack natural sources Are much more efficient at absorbing thermal radiation Circulate through the troposphere more easily than CO2 does Are more difficult to remove from smokestacks and tailpipes C

42. After 200 million years, only 1/16 of the original amount of a particular radioactive waste will remain. The half-life of this waste is how many million years? 12.5 25 50 75 100

43. After 200 million years, only 1/16 of the original amount of a particular radioactive waste will remain. The half-life of this waste is how many million years? 12.5 25 50 75 100 C

44. The separation of the various components of crude oil in refineries is accomplished primarily by taking advantage of differences in which of the following? The densities of the components The boiling points of the components The solubility of the components The sulfur content of the components The viscosities of the components

45. The separation of the various components of crude oil in refineries is accomplished primarily by taking advantage of differences in which of the following? B The densities of the components The boiling points of the components The solubility of the components The sulfur content of the components The viscosities of the components

46. Biological controls are frequently used to replace persistent chemical pesticides. Which of the following represents the greatest potential risk of using biological controls? The control agents attacks not only its intended target but also beneficial species. The control agent mutates and is no longer an effective control. Repeated applications or introductions are required to eliminate the pest population. Residual pesticides in the environment kill the control agent before it can eradicate the pest. Biological controls prove to be more costly to use than chemical pesticides.

47. Biological controls are frequently used to replace persistent chemical pesticides. Which of the following represents the greatest potential risk of using biological controls? The control agents attacks not only its intended target but also beneficial species. The control agent mutates and is no longer an effective control. Repeated applications or introductions are required to eliminate the pest population. Residual pesticides in the environment kill the control agent before it can eradicate the pest. Biological controls prove to be more costly to use than chemical pesticides. A

48. Which of the following federal laws specificly deals with the cleanup of abandon hazardous waste sites? Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act

49. Which of the following federal laws specificly deals with the cleanup of abandon hazardous waste sites? Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility Compensation and Liability Act E

50. The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by Medical waste incinerators Violation of lead-based paint Coal-burning power plants Runoff from thermometer factories Municipal waste incinerators

51. The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by Medical waste incinerators Violation of lead-based paint Coal-burning power plants Runoff from thermometer factories Municipal waste incinerators C

52. P) Water is passed through a screen to remove debris Q) Pathogenic organisms are killed by chlorination, UV, or ozone R) Suspended particles clump and settle out S) A floccing agent, such as alum, is added to water The steps used in the purification and treatment of municipal wastewater are listed in random order above. Which is the correct sequence? S - P- R- Q S - R- P- Q Q - S- P- R P- Q- R - S P- S- R- Q

53. P) Water is passed through a screen to remove debris Q) Pathogenic organisms are killed by chlorination, UV, or ozone R) Suspended particles clump and settle out S) A floccing agent, such as alum, is added to water The steps used in the purification and treatment of municipal wastewater are listed in random order above. Which is the correct sequence? S - P- R- Q S - R- P- Q Q - S- P- R E P- Q- R - S P- S- R- Q

54. The process of extracting and separating gold in remote regions often results in environmental contamination with which of the following? Ozone Cyanide CFCs Asbestos Selenium

55. The process of extracting and separating gold in remote regions often results in environmental contamination with which of the following? Ozone Cyanide CFCs Asbestos Selenium B

56. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 increased from 278 ppm in 1790 to 383 ppm in 2007. What is the approximate percent increase in CO2 concentration from 1790 to 2007? 38% 50% 92% 105% 138%

57. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 increased from 278 ppm in 1790 to 383 ppm in 2007. What is the approximate percent increase in CO2 concentration from 1790 to 2007? 38% A 50% 92% 105% 138%

58. Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act? It was passed by Congress during the early 1950s. It regulates the amount of CO2 emitted by power plants. It has remained largely unmodiffied since it was originally signed into law. It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990. It is set to expire in 2015.

59. Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act? It was passed by Congress during the early 1950s. It regulates the amount of CO2 emitted by power plants. It has remained largely unmodiffied since it was originally signed into law. It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990. It is set to expire in 2015. D

60. Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon? They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts. They seldom escape from their containment areas. They have no impact on the quality of the water in which they are raised. They are often infected with parasites and sea lice. They are maintained at lower population dnsities than are wild salmon.

61. Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon? They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts. They seldom escape from their containment areas. They have no impact on the quality of the water in which they are raised. They are often infected with parasites and sea lice. They are maintained at lower population dnsities than are wild salmon. D

62. Which of the following is the best illustration of a pesticide treadmill? Sequence of several pesticides used by farmers to maximize effectiveness Increased used of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests Biomagnification of pesticides in the fatty tissue of primary consumers Movement of pesticides following their percolation into the groundwater Process that is used to manufacture pesticides

63. Which of the following is the best illustration of a pesticide treadmill? Sequence of several pesticides used by farmers to maximize effectiveness Increased used of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests Biomagnification of pesticides in the fatty tissue of primary consumers Movement of pesticides following their percolation into the groundwater Process that is used to manufacture pesticides B

64. Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process? Synergism Compound contamination Biomagnification Threshold effect Carcinogenesis

65. Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process? Synergism Compound contamination Biomagnification Threshold effect Carcinogenesis C

66. Which of the following is true of sewage treatment plants in the U.S.? They release wastewater before solids are removed from the sewage. They use storm runoff to assist in the treatment process. They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater. They have largely eliminated cultural eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay. They release waste water that is not regulated by the Clean Water Act.

67. Which of the following is true of sewage treatment plants in the U.S.? They release wastewater before solids are removed from the sewage. They use storm runoff to assist in the treatment process. C They are not designed to remove pharmaceutical chemicals from wastewater. They have largely eliminated cultural eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay. They release waste water that is not regulated by the Clean Water Act.

68. Which of the following is an appropriate remediation strategy for removing radon gas from the home? Use filtered water for drinking and bathing. Do not occupy the basement of the home. Place monitors in suspect areas of the home. Remove and replace soil in crawl spaces under the home. Seal or ventilate places where radon enters the living space.

69. Which of the following is an appropriate remediation strategy for removing radon gas from the home? Use filtered water for drinking and bathing. Do not occupy the basement of the home. Place monitors in suspect areas of the home. Remove and replace soil in crawl spaces under the home. Seal or ventilate places where radon enters the living space. E

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74. The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices? Using herbicides in mechanized, large-scale farming Using plant-based insecticidal compounds on vegetable crops Growing crops that are genecticaaly modified for increased yields Including the use of legumes into crop-rotation protocols Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

75. The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices? Using herbicides in mechanized, large-scale farming Using plant-based insecticidal compounds on vegetable crops Growing crops that are genecticaaly modified for increased yields Including the use of legumes into crop-rotation protocols Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock E

76. Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Las Angeles basin include which of the following? Ample summer sunshine Sea-level elevation High concentration of automobiles I only III only I and III only II and III only I, II, and III

77. Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Las Angeles basin include which of the following? Ample summer sunshine Sea-level elevation High concentration of automobiles I only III only I and III only II and III only I, II, and III C

78. Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods? Irradiation by UV light Electrostatic precipitators Catalytic converters Liquid chromatography Exhaust-stream aeration

79. Particulates can be removed from smokestack emissions by which of the following methods? Irradiation by UV light Electrostatic precipitators Catalytic converters Liquid chromatography Exhaust-stream aeration B

80. Which of the following are direct product of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines? O, N, CO2 CO2, Ar, O3 CO2, H2O, O3 CO2, O3, Pb CO2, NOx, VOCs

81. Which of the following are direct product of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines? O, N, CO2 CO2, Ar, O3 CO2, H2O, O3 CO2, O3, Pb CO2, NOx, VOCs E

82. Which of the following best explains why more contaminates are leached when solid waste is crushed into small particles and put in contact with water than when particles are large? Larger particles have greater density per unit Water penetrates larger particles more easily than smaller particles Internal pressure is greater in smaller particles than in larger particles Smaller particles have a larger surface area per unit of volume than larger particles The contaminant concentration gradient between particle interior and surface is greater for smaller particles.

83. Which of the following best explains why more contaminates are leached when solid waste is crushed into small particles and put in contact with water than when particles are large? Larger particles have greater density per unit Water penetrates larger particles more easily than smaller particles Internal pressure is greater in smaller particles than in larger particles Smaller particles have a larger surface area per unit of volume than larger particles The contaminant concentration gradient between particle interior and surface is greater for smaller particles. D

84. Which of the following is the current recommendation of Congress for the permanent storage of high-level radioactive waste in the U. S.? Burial deep underground at sites remote from population centers Storage in huge pools of water at the nuclear plants where they are produced Storage in concrete and steel casks, above ground in air-cooled buildings, at the nuclear plants where they are produced Storage deep in the Antarctica ice sheet and burial beneath the ocean floor Injection deep underground in remote areas between impervious layers of shale and clay

85. Which of the following is the current recommendation of Congress for the permanent storage of high-level radioactive waste in the U. S.? Burial deep underground at sites remote from population centers Storage in huge pools of water at the nuclear plants where they are produced Storage in concrete and steel casks, above ground in air-cooled buildings, at the nuclear plants where they are produced Storage deep in the Antarctica ice sheet and burial beneath the ocean floor A Injection deep underground in remote areas between impervious layers of shale and clay

86. Which of the following has the largest proven coal reserves? South America The U. S. Australia Indonesia Africa

87. Which of the following has the largest proven coal reserves? South America The U. S. Australia Indonesia Africa B

88. Which of the following is the greatest component (by weight) of municipal solid waste in the U.S.? Paper Yard waste Plastics Glass Food

89. Which of the following is the greatest component (by weight) of municipal solid waste in the U.S.? Paper Yard waste Plastics Glass Food A

90. Of the following, which is the primary method of waste disposal in the U. S.? Incineration Landfilling Composting Recycling Ocean dumping

91. Of the following, which is the primary method of waste disposal in the U. S.? Incineration Landfilling Composting Recycling Ocean dumping B

92. Which of the following lakes contains approximately 20% of the world�s freshwater? Lake Chad Lake Titicaca Lake Tahoe Lake Baikal Lake Superior

93. Which of the following lakes contains approximately 20% of the world�s freshwater? Lake Chad Lake Titicaca Lake Tahoe Lake Baikal Lake Superior D, in southern Russia

94. Which of the following most directly resulted in increased skin cancer rates in Australia? Water pollution in the Antarctic Ocean Ozone depletion in the stratosphere Increased immigration of Asian people into Australia The occurrence of a solar maximum Global warming in the lower atmosphere

95. Which of the following most directly resulted in increased skin cancer rates in Australia? Water pollution in the Antarctic Ocean Ozone depletion in the stratosphere Increased immigration of Asian people into Australia B The occurrence of a solar maximum Global warming in the lower atmosphere

96. Which of the following laws gave the EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from �cradle to grave� including the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of waste? Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Endangered Species Act (ESA) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)

97. Which of the following laws gave the EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from �cradle to grave� including the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of waste? Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Endangered Species Act (ESA) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) A

98. Between 1960 and 1970, world oil consumption approximately doubled. Which of the following explanations is consistent with the increase? The number of passengers per car increased People drove less, conserving gasoline The price of gasoline increased The number of cars on the road increased Cars that were more fuel-efficient were manufactured

99. Between 1960 and 1970, world oil consumption approximately doubled. Which of the following explanations is consistent with the increase? The number of passengers per car increased People drove less, conserving gasoline The price of gasoline increased The number of cars on the road increased Cars that were more fuel-efficient were manufactured D

100. The graph above shows the effect of sewage on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a flowing stream. The smallest fish population will most likely be found at point A, B, C, D, E

101. The graph above shows the effect of sewage on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a flowing stream. The smallest fish population will most likely be found at point A, B, C, D, E C

102. Which of the following practices is consistent with the production of organic crops according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture? Using sodium nitrate as a fertilizer on green, leafy vegetables Using strychnine to prevent buildup of aphid populations in field crops Using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles Using sewage sludge to improve the fertility and structure of soil Using genetically modified plant varieties that kill insects that chew their leaves

103. Which of the following practices is consistent with the production of organic crops according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture? Using sodium nitrate as a fertilizer on green, leafy vegetables Using strychnine to prevent buildup of aphid populations in field crops Using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles Using sewage sludge to improve the fertility and structure of soil D Using genetically modified plant varieties that kill insects that chew their leaves

104. Which of the following best describes the process known as, �mountaintop removal�? The use of trees planted at high elevations to eliminate CO2 from the atmosphere The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip mining of coal The placement of hazardous waste disposal sites at high elevations in mountainous regions The shearing away of undersea mountain peaks to improve shipping lanes The reduction of glacial ice resulting from increased global temperatures

105. Which of the following best describes the process known as, �mountaintop removal�? The use of trees planted at high elevations to eliminate CO2 from the atmosphere The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip mining of coal The placement of hazardous waste disposal sites at high elevations in mountainous regions The shearing away of undersea mountain peaks to improve shipping lanes The reduction of glacial ice resulting from increased global temperatures B

106. Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population grows. Vegetarians are healthier due to a lack of animal fat in their diets More people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level Vegetarians consume fewer calories per person and therefore require fewer acres of farmland Vegetarian diets often recommend consuming large amounts of tree nuts as a source of protein, which preserves forest habitats Vegetarian groups often support conservation efforts tha promote forest conservation

107. Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population grows. Vegetarians are healthier due to a lack of animal fat in their diets More people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level Vegetarians consume fewer calories per person and therefore require fewer acres of farmland Vegetarian diets often recommend consuming large amounts of tree nuts as a source of protein, which preserves forest habitats Vegetarian groups often support conservation efforts tha promote forest conservation B

108. Although the use of DDT was banned in the U.S. in 1972, a test of the body tissue of an average U.S. resident today would most likely reveal the presence of DDT because DDT is the breakdown product of some newer pesticides on the market DDT is water soluble Other countries that export produce to the U.S. still use DDT Many farmers in the U.S. are still using DDT illegally DDT is naturally produced by many plants

109. Although the use of DDT was banned in the U.S. in 1972, a test of the body tissue of an average U.S. resident today would most likely reveal the presence of DDT because DDT is the breakdown product of some newer pesticides on the market DDT is water soluble Other countries that export produce to the U.S. still use DDT Many farmers in the U.S. are still using DDT illegally C DDT is naturally produced by many plants

110. Which of the following is part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change? Increased gas mileage in cars Increased cloudiness caused by more moisture in the atmosphere Melting of artic sea ice Increased acidity of seawater Increased growth of CO2 absorbing trees and grasses

111. Which of the following is part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change? Increased gas mileage in cars Increased cloudiness caused by more moisture in the atmosphere Melting of artic sea ice Increased acidity of seawater Increased growth of CO2 absorbing trees and grasses C

114. A field is abandoned and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. If the land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundance of nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made? The plants used up all of the phosphorus and potassium and left nitrogen behind Primary succession always produces an abundance of nitrogen Bacteria in soil and root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds The plants were able to produce nitrogen in their leaves More rock was weathered and broke down to release nitrogen compounds

115. A field is abandoned and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. If the land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundance of nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made? The plants used up all of the phosphorus and potassium and left nitrogen behind Primary succession always produces an abundance of nitrogen Bacteria in soil and root nodules converted free nitrogen into nitrogen compounds The plants were able to produce nitrogen in their leaves More rock was weathered and broke down to release nitrogen compounds C

116. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of Tardigrades was examined. In each trial, 50 live Tardigrades were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of Tardigrades remaining alive in the sample.

117. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of Tardigrades was examined. In each trial, 50 live Tardigrades were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of Tardigrades remaining alive in the sample.

118. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of Tardigrades was examined. In each trial, 50 live Tardigrades were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of Tardigrades remaining alive in the sample.

119. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of Tardigrades was examined. In each trial, 50 live Tardigrades were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of Tardigrades remaining alive in the sample.

120. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of Tardigrades was examined. In each trial, 50 live Tardigrades were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of Tardigrades remaining alive in the sample.

121. The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of Tardigrades was examined. In each trial, 50 live Tardigrades were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of Tardigrades remaining alive in the sample.

122. The concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 4 is how many times as great as the concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 7? A 1 B 10 C 100 D 1,000 E 10,000

123. The concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 4 is how many times as great as the concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 7? A 1 B 10 C 100 D 1,000 E 10,000 D

124. Region where the protective ozone layer is located. Exosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Thermosphere Troposphere

125. Region where the protective ozone layer is located. Exosphere Mesosphere C Stratosphere Thermosphere Troposphere

126. Region that contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere. Exosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Thermosphere Troposphere

127. Region that contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere. Exosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Thermosphere E Troposphere

128. Region largely responsible for the weather experienced at the Earth�s surface. Exosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Thermosphere Troposphere

129. Region largely responsible for the weather experienced at the Earth�s surface. Exosphere Mesosphere E Stratosphere Thermosphere Troposphere

130. Region with the lowest atmospheric pressure. Exosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Thermosphere Troposphere

131. Region with the lowest atmospheric pressure. Exosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Thermosphere A Troposphere

132. Which of the following regions of the ocean is least likely to contain photosynthetic organisms? Intertidal zone Zone of coastal upwelling Pelagic zone Euphotic zone Abyssal zone

133. Which of the following regions of the ocean is least likely to contain photosynthetic organisms? Intertidal zone Zone of coastal upwelling Pelagic zone Euphotic zone Abyssal zone E

134. Defining characteristics of a wetland involve which of the following? Hydrology Soil Type Species composition I only II only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III

135. Defining characteristics of a wetland involve which of the following? Hydrology Soil Type Species composition I only II only I and II only II and III only I, II, and III E

136. Which of the following is the zone of a pond or lake in which rooted, emergent plants such as cattails and rushes are located? Benthic Limnetic Littoral Profundal Riparian

137. Which of the following is the zone of a pond or lake in which rooted, emergent plants such as cattails and rushes are located? Benthic Limnetic Littoral Profundal Riparian C

138. Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species Sea Otter Sea Urchin Tree Frog Spotted Owl Snail Darter

139. Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species Sea Otter Sea Urchin Tree Frog Spotted Owl Snail Darter A

140. Population biologists are concerned about introduced species such as the zebra mussel in North America because Their removal from their native habitat has a negative impact Predators of the introduced species often overpopulate because of the influx of the introduced species The introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species Introduced species often become endangered in a new habitat Their introduction will require more land to be protected

141. Population biologists are concerned about introduced species such as the zebra mussel in North America because Their removal from their native habitat has a negative impact Predators of the introduced species often overpopulate because of the influx of the introduced species The introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species Introduced species often become endangered in a new habitat Their introduction will require more land to be protected C

142. Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? They reach sexual maturity earlier They have more young They are more likely to be invasive species They have longer life spans Their population cycle are more rapid

143. Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? They reach sexual maturity earlier They have more young They are more likely to be invasive species They have longer life spans Their population cycle are more rapid D

144. As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? The preindustrial The pretransitional The transitional The industrial The post industrial

145. As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? The preindustrial The pretransitional The transitional The industrial The post industrial C

146. Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global stability? Recycling aluminum cans Using fuel-efficient vehicles Replanting deforested areas Reducing the human population Developing ecotourism venues

147. Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global stability? Recycling aluminum cans Using fuel-efficient vehicles Replanting deforested areas Reducing the human population Developing ecotourism venues D

148. Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the average education of women The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition

149. Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the average education of women The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition E

150. Which of the following is the best description of a population that has a stable age distribution? A large population that is growing at a constant rate A large population with a negative growth rate A population that is in the early stages of logistic population growth A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age classes remain constant A small population that has not yet achieved exponential growth

151. Which of the following is the best description of a population that has a stable age distribution? A large population that is growing at a constant rate A large population with a negative growth rate A population that is in the early stages of logistic population growth A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age classes remain constant A small population that has not yet achieved exponential growth D

152. It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, primarily because The standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources People are living longer in developed nations, putting a strain on the economies of those countries Life expectancy is still decreasing in Africa due to AIDS The standard of living is poor in many developing countries, leading to deprivation and suffering Fertility is falling due to exposure to endocrine disruptors released into the environment

153. It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, primarily because The standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources People are living longer in developed nations, putting a strain on the economies of those countries Life expectancy is still decreasing in Africa due to AIDS The standard of living is poor in many developing countries, leading to deprivation and suffering Fertility is falling due to exposure to endocrine disruptors released into the environment A

154. The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2.5%. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double? 22 28 35 42 50

155. The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2.5%. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double? 22 28 35 42 50 b

156. The country with the highest population density is Australia Great Britain China Sudan India United States

157. The country with the highest population density is Australia Great Britain China Sudan India A United States

158. The country with a population approximately three times that of the U. S. is Australia Great Britain China Sudan India United States

159. The country with a population approximately three times that of the U. S. is Australia Great Britain China Sudan India E United States

160. Annually, the per capita electricity usage in Sudan is approximately what percent of the per capita electricity usage of the U. S.? 0.1 0.4 1 2 10

161. Annually, the per capita electricity usage in Sudan is approximately what percent of the per capita electricity usage of the U. S.? 0.1 0.4 1 B 2 10

162. If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effect on various parts of the water cycle in the area?

163. If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effect on various parts of the water cycle in the area? D

164. In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to Higher pollination rates of annual flowers Greater accumulation of chaparral biomass Greater recreational use of parklands Greater erosion and damage of access roads Decreased summer rainfall

165. In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to Higher pollination rates of annual flowers Greater accumulation of chaparral biomass Greater recreational use of parklands Greater erosion and damage of access roads Decreased summer rainfall B

166. Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity? Selective cutting Clear-cutting Shelter-wood cutting Slash and burn clearing Gleaning

167. Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity? Selective cutting Clear-cutting Shelter-wood cutting Slash and burn clearing Gleaning B

168. The largest area of old-growth forest in the U. S. is located in California Montana Alaska Michigan North Carolina

169. The largest area of old-growth forest in the U. S. is located in California Montana Alaska Michigan North Carolina C

170. Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons? Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic Collective farming of white grapes in communities in France Using National Forests for wood production and harvesting Allocation of all nuclear wastes to one site in Nevada Agreements among western ranchers to jointly manage common grazing land

171. Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons? Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic Collective farming of white grapes in communities in France Using National Forests for wood production and harvesting Allocation of all nuclear wastes to one site in Nevada Agreements among western ranchers to jointly manage common grazing land A

172. Which layer in the soil profile represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material? A B C D E

173. Which layer in the soil profile represents the region with the greatest concentration of organic material? A B C D E A

174. Which layer in the soil profile represents the parent material region? A B C D E

175. Which layer in the soil profile represents the parent material region? A B C D E E

176. Which type of soil contains: 30%clay, 30% silt, 40% sand? Clay Loam Clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy Clay loam

177. Which type of soil contains: 30%clay, 30% silt, 40% sand? Clay Loam Clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy Clay loam C