2010 “牛動全台” 巡迴研討會 能量決定成敗 技術手冊

1. 2010 “牛動全台” 巡迴研討會能量決定成敗技術手冊

2. Feeding Energy Sources to Dairy Cows餵給乳牛的能量來源A. F. Kertz, Ph.D., Dipl ACANMilk Specialties Global July 2010

3. Why Feed Fat?為什麼要飼餵脂肪? Need more energy in early lactation 泌乳初期需要較多的能量 •  Grain (carbohydrates) ↓ forage 增加穀物(碳水化合物) ，降低粗料 •  Energy density提高能量密度 • Can lead to ruminal acidosis可能導致瘤胃酸症 • Lameness and impaired immune function 跛腳及免疫系統受損 • Reduced DMI directly (metabolic) or indirectly (lameness) 直接(代謝性)或間接(跛腳)降低乾物攝食量 BUT  Fiber/forage 但是增加纖維或粗料 •  Energy density降低能量密度 • Reduced risk of ruminal acidosis 降低瘤胃酸症的風險 • Energy intake limited due to fill factor能量攝取受限於飽滿度因素

4. Why Feed More Energy?為什麼要餵更多的能量? •  Milk Income增加產乳的收入 •  Body Condition 改善體況  Body Condition Loss 減少體況流失 •  Reproductive Performance 改善繁殖表現 • But if dry matter intake (DMI) not maintained or decreased, effectiveness reduced or lost 但如果乾物攝食量沒有維持或下降,效果會降低或流失

5. Ideal Dry Fat Features 理想的乾式脂肪特性 • No negative effect on DMI • 對乾物攝食量沒有負面影響 • Digestible with highNEL • 可消化且具有高泌乳淨能 • 3. Increases value of milk produced • 增加所生產牛乳的價值 • Improves reproduction • 改善繁殖表現

6. “Often, calcium soaps of palm fatty acids or canola are referred to as 'protected'.  These are not protected from ruminal biohydrogenation, but rather are ruminally inert with regard to their effects on the microbial population.” 通常皂化鈣棕櫚油脂肪酸或菜籽油，被認為是“受保護的” , 但是這些並沒被保護而免於瘤胃中的生物氫化作用, 其惰性只是針對微生物的族群 Palmquist, D. L. 2006. Milk Fat: Origin of Fatty Acids and Influence of Nutritional Factors Thereon. In Adv. Dairy Chem., Vol. 2: Lipids, 3rd ed. p. 74.

7. Calcium Salts of Fatty Acids脂肪酸鈣鹽 • Ca-salts of fatty acids (CSFA) designed as inert/dry fat source. 脂肪酸鈣鹽是設計為惰性/乾式的脂肪來源 • Recent studies have shown extensive biohydrogenation (~85%) of fatty acids present in CSFAa 最近的研究指出，脂肪酸鈣鹽中的脂肪酸有大量的(85%)生物氫化反應 • CSFA typically mostly unsaturated FA which need to be biohydrogenated—converted to saturated FA—in order to minimize toxicity to rumen microbes and provide cow with mostly saturated FA for intestinal absorption 脂肪酸鈣鹽一般大多是不飽和脂肪酸，必須被氫化轉變為飽和脂肪酸，以降低對瘤胃微生物的毒性，因此提供乳牛的大多是以飽和脂肪酸在小腸吸收。 aJenkins, T. C. and W. C. Bridges. 2007. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 109:778–789.

8. Digestion of Dietary Fats in the Rumen 日糧中脂肪在瘤胃中的消化 Hydrolysis Biohydrogenation O-FA O-FA= OH FA O-FA= trans FAs FA + OH FA= OH FA= FAs FA O-FA= OH FA= + O-FA OH FA FAs or TG FAs or TG O-Sugar OH PL Glycerol Microbial cells Microbial phospholipids VFAs Inert Fats Rumen TG GL Davis, 1990

9. Small Intestine Processes小腸中的過程 • Lipids leaving rumen:離開瘤胃的脂質 --85 to 90% free fatty acids (FFA) 85~90%是游離脂肪酸 --2/3 stearic acid 2/3是硬脂酸 --1/3 palmitic acid1/3是棕梠酸 --10 to 15% are phospholipids10~15%是磷脂質, part of microbial cell membranes 部分是微生物細胞膜 Drackley, J. K. 2004. Overview of Fat Digestion and Metabolism in Dairy Cows.

10. Total C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 Fatty Acid Digestibility 脂肪酸的消化率 Summary of 9 Dairy Cow Studies Grummer and Rabelo (1999)

11. Dry Matter Intake Depression Related to Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition乾物質採食量下降與不飽和脂肪酸組成有關

12. 28 24 DMI, kg/day 20 16 12 Allen, M.S. 2000. Effects of Diet on Short-Term Regulation of Feed Intake by Lactating Dairy Cattle.J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624. Dietary CSFA, % of DM

13. -continued- • Significant decreases in DMI were observed for Ca • salts for 11 of 24 comparisons. • 在24個比較中，有11個指出鈣鹽明顯降低乾物採食量 • Ca salts resulted in a numerical decrease in DMI in • 22 of the 24 comparisons. • 在24個比較中，有22個指出鈣鹽造成字面上的乾物採食量下降 • No effect of added fatty acids on DMI was observed • for saturated fat (21 comparisons). • 使用飽和脂肪，則發現添加的脂肪酸對乾物採食量沒有影響(21個比較) • If the fat source added to increase dietary energy density, instead decreases DMI, then potential energy intake increase is reduced. • 如果用來增加能量密度所添加的脂肪來源，反而降低乾物採食量，那麼可能增加的能量攝取會下降 Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of Diet on Short-Term Regulation of Feed Intake by Lactating Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 83:1598-1624.

14. Effects of CSFA on DMI脂肪酸鈣鹽對乾物質採食量的影響 • Page 31, Column 1 • “Calcium salts of fatty acids decreased DMI by 2.5% for each percentage unit in the diet above the control.” • 脂肪酸鈣鹽在日糧中，每超過對照組1個百分比，降低乾物採食量達2.5% • “Added hydrogenated fatty acids • (e. g. Energy Booster 100) and triglyceride did not decrease DMI.” • 添加氫化脂肪酸(例如，特別補)和三酸甘油脂則不會降低乾物採食量 NRC. 2001. Nutr Req Dairy Cattle, 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.

15. Production Responses 產乳反應 SAT UNS SE P DMI, kg/d 27.4 26.7 0.4 <0.01 Milk, kg/d 41.8 42.3 1.1 0.09 Milk Composition Fat, % 3.57 3.53 0.09 0.39 Protein, % 3.07 3.02 0.05 0.02 Harvatine and Allen. 2005. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4018-4027.

16. Eating Behavior採食行為 abP<.001

17. Blood values血液分析值 ABP<.10 abP<.001

18. Intake and Chewing Behavior採食和咀嚼食行為 L* = linear effect within fat sources. P<.01 or .03. Harvatine and Allen. 2006. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1104-1112, 1092-1103, 1081-1091.

19. Milk Yield and Composition 乳產量與組成 P Con Sat Int Uns SE RPF L Q DMI, kg/d 27.3 25.7 25.1 24.1 1.0 <0.01 0.02 NS MY, kg/d 47.0 46.6 45.2 43.7 2.7 0.10 0.02 NS Protein, % 2.84 2.88 2.89 2.96 0.08 NS NS NS F at, % 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.43 0.2 0.01 <0.01 NS

20. 16:0 290 440 430 350 30 <0.01 <0.01 NS 18:0 580 880 680 470 53 0.07 <0.01 NS trans 18:1 160 170 280 260 24 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 cis 18:1 75 84 100 100 6.3 <0.01 <0.01 NS 18:2 94 100 99 97 6.6 NS NS NS 18:3 7.4 7. 8 7.6 6.6 0.4 NS 0.04 NS Duodenal FA Flow, g/d 十二指腸脂肪酸流量 Con Sat Int Uns SE RPF L Q

21. linoleic linoleic acid acid ( ( - - 9, 9, - - 12 C 12 C ) ) cis cis cis cis 18:2 18:2 conjugated conjugated linoleic linoleic acid acid conjugated conjugated linoleic linoleic acid acid 12 CLA - - 10, 10, - - 12 CLA trans trans cis cis ( ( - - 9, 9, - - 11 CLA) 11 CLA) cis cis trans trans - - 10 C 10 C trans trans - - 11 C 11 C trans trans 18:1 18:1 18:1 18:1 stearic stearic acid (C acid (C ) ) stearic stearic acid (C acid (C ) ) 18:0 18:0 18:0 18:0 Milk Fat Depression Pathway 乳脂下降路徑 Bauman, D. E. and J. M. Griinari. 2001. Liv. Prod. Sci. 70:15-29.

22. trans -10, cis -12 CLA, mg/g fat trans 10, cis-12 C18:2 Impact on Milk Fat Depression 反式10-順式12共軛亞麻油酸對乳脂下降的衝擊 Bauman, D. E. and J. M. Griinari. 2001. Liv. Prod. Sci. 70:15-29.

23. Review of Fat-Supplemented Dairy Cow Studies乳牛補充脂肪的研究回顧 • Saturated fats used in 7 trials, 10 groups, 170 cows • 飽和脂肪用在7個試驗，10群牛，170 頭 • Expressed as the difference from the control group • 與對照組的差異顯示 • DMI 乾物採食量 +0.00 kg • Milk 乳量 +1.80 kg • Body Wt Gain 牛體增重 +55.0 g/day • Conclusion: Cows use saturated fats efficiently for milk production and did not experience a drop in DMI. • 結論：乳牛有效利用飽和脂肪於產乳，而且沒有遭遇乾物質採 • 食量下降 Chilliard, Y. 1993. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3897-3931.

24. Review of Fat-Supplemented Dairy Cow Studies乳牛補充脂肪的研究回顧 • Ca salts used in 13 trials, 29 groups, 404 cows • 鈣鹽用在13個試驗，29群牛，404 頭 • Expressed as the difference from the control group • 與對照組的差異顯示 • DMI 乾物採食量-0.70 kg or 3.6% • Milk 乳量+0.90 kg • Body Wt. Gain 牛體增重-34 g/day • Conclusion: It appears that since NEL intake is lower due to the drop in DMI, the cow increases the rate of body weight loss and converts it to milk. • 結論：可以看出，由於乾物採食量下降，使泌乳淨能的攝取較低，因此乳牛提高體重流失的速率，將其轉換成牛乳。 Chilliard, Y. 1993. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3897-3931.

25. Impact of Ca-Salts on DMI 鈣鹽對乾物採食量的衝擊NRC 2001 Example: Cows eating 22.7 kg dry matter 牛隻採食 22.7 Kg 乾物質 1.76 Mcal NEL per kg of dry matter 每公斤乾物質的泌乳淨能1.76 Mcal 0.68 Mcal NEL per kg of milk 每公斤牛奶的泌乳淨能0.68 Mcal ControlCa-Salt Added Fat 添加脂肪 0 1.1 kg or 1% Expected DMI 預期的乾物採食量 22.7 kg 22.14 kg or 2.5% less NEL Intake 泌乳淨能攝取 40.0 Mcal 39.0 Mcal Milk Loss 產乳損失 0 1.46 or 1.0 Mcal/0.68

26. Daily Energy Booster Intakes

27. Daily Energy Booster Intakes每日特別補的攝取17 trials in J. Dairy Sci. 2005-2010 kg/day % EB in Ration

28. Effects of Fatty Acids on Reproduction脂肪酸對繁殖表現的影響 • Two schools of thought 兩個領域的想法 • Uterus is the target organ and research focused on reducing prostaglandin secretion, thereby reducing embryo loss (unsaturated fatty acids) • 子宮是一個標的器官，而研究著重在降低前列腺素的分泌，以減低胚胎的損失(不飽和脂肪酸) • Follicle is the target and research focused on improving fertility and conception rate as related to energy balance (saturated fatty acids) • 濾泡是另一個目標，而研究著重在提升繁殖力及受孕率與能量平衡的關係(飽和脂肪酸)

29. Ideal Dry Fat Important Features 理想乾式脂肪的重要特性 • 1. No negative effect on DMI • 對乾物採食量沒有負面的影響 • Digestible with high NEL • 消化容易且具有高的泌乳淨能 • 3. Increases value of milk produced • 增加生產牛乳的價值 • Improves reproduction • 改善繁殖

30. RuMin 8 ™

31. RuMin 8 - What is It?什麼是瘤胃發 • Soluble carbohydrates 可溶性碳水化合物 • Mineral salts 礦物鹽 • Organic (carboxylic) acids 有機(羰酸)酸

32. What are Benefits of RuMin 8?使用瘤胃發的好處 • Increases milk production 增加產乳量 • Improves nitrogen utilization 改善氮的利用 • Captures potentially lost energy 留住可能流失的能量 • Reduces sub-clinical acidosis 減少次臨床酸症 • More complete digestion 更完全的消化

33. How Does RuMin 8 Work?瘤胃發如何運作呢? Soluble Sugars可溶性醣類 • Provides quick energy source 提供快速的能量來源 • NEL = 2.00 Mcal/kg • Matches soluble sugar to rapidly degradable protein, capturing wasted nitrogen (milk urea nitrogen, urinary nitrogen) 將可溶性醣類與快速可分解蛋白質配對，留住浪費的氮素(乳尿素氮、尿氮) • Lowers urea nitrogen, which improves uterine environment for improved conception 降低尿素氮可改善子宮的環境以提高受孕率 • Better matched protein and carbohydrate sources result in more complete digestion 更好的蛋白質和碳水化合物來源配對，造成更完全的消化

34. How Does RuMin 8 Work?瘤胃發如何運作呢? Mineral Salts 礦物鹽 • Enhances rumen fluid turnover 促進瘤胃中液體的周轉 • Salts attract fluids that increase rumen fluid volume, and thus turnover 鹽類吸引液體而增加瘤胃的液體容積與周轉 • Maintains favorable rumen Ph 維持有利的瘤胃pH • Enhances milk fat 促進乳脂

35. How Does RuMin 8 Work?瘤胃發如何運作呢? Organic Acids 有機酸 • Provides nutritional substrates to promote growth of specific rumen bacteria (S. ruminantium) • 提供營養物質，以促進特定瘤胃細菌的成長 • S. ruminantium convert lactic acid to volatile fatty acids (VFA) • S. ruminantium將乳酸轉換成揮發性脂肪酸 • VFA are an energy source for milk production VFA 是產乳的一種能量來源 • Lactic acid causes rumen acidosis (low pH), which can result in lameness and milk fat depression 乳酸導致瘤胃酸症(低pH)，造成跛腳和乳脂下降

36. Positive Response Conditions正面效果的情況 • Diets low in highly fermentable carbohydrates 日糧中高度可發酵碳水化合物偏低 - Dry, mature corn silage and corn grain where kernels are hard and pass through undigested. 乾燥, 老熟的玉米青貯料和玉米粒，殼粒堅硬，會通過腸胃而沒有被消化 • Inadequate starch 澱粉不夠 2. High silage rations that are poorly fermented 飼糧含高比例發酵不良的青貯料 • Forages with low fiber digestibility 芻料中纖維的消化率偏低 4. High levels of degradable protein in the diet 日糧中含有高量的可分解蛋白質 • Herds with elevated milk urea nitrogen values 乳中尿素氮數值偏高的牛群 • Response observed within 3 weeks due to microbial growth. • 由於微生物的適應及生長，在三周內會觀察到反應

37. Effect of RuMin 8 on 3.5% Fat-Corrected Milk瘤胃發對3.5% 乳脂修正乳的效果 RuMin 8 Control RuMin 8 increased 3.5% FCM by 3.4 kg/d. Basal Diet: 19% CP, 1.74 Mcal/kg NEl , 30% NDF, 40% NFC, Alfalfa-based ration Cornell University site; Vicini et al., J. Dairy Sci. 2003.

38. RuMin 8 Field Trial Results1,500 cow dairy

39. ↑microbial crude • protein with > • RuMin 8 • ↓ ammonia. • bacteria • consume NH3 Experimental Datarumen in vitro trialChinese wild rye 3 urea treatments had no effects

40. ↑volatile fatty acids Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate • more energy for • milk production • and milk fat Experimental Datarumen in vitro trialChinese wild rye

41. RuMin 8 • Increases milk production • 增加產乳量 • Improves nitrogen utilization • 改善氮的利用 • Captures potentially lost energy • 留住可能流失的能量 • Reduces sub-clinical acidosis • 減少次臨床酸症 • More complete digestion • 更完全的消化 ™