1 / 22

Main Types of Organic Reactions

Main Types of Organic Reactions. 1.) ADDITION. Atoms added to double or triple bond 2 cpds form 1 product alkenes and alkynes are used Forms alcohols (not 1 o ), halogenated hydrocarbons and alkanes. General Reaction:. XY = H 2 , diatomic halogen (i.e. Cl 2 ), H 2 O (HOH), or

fay
Download Presentation

Main Types of Organic Reactions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Main Types of Organic Reactions

  2. 1.) ADDITION • Atoms added to double or triple bond • 2 cpds form 1 product • alkenes and alkynes are used • Forms alcohols (not 1o), halogenated hydrocarbons and alkanes

  3. General Reaction: • XY = H2, • diatomic halogen (i.e. Cl2), • H2O (HOH), or • hydrogen halide (i.e. HCl)

  4. Addition of Hydrogen- hydrogenation H H l l H – C = C – H + H2 H – C – C – H l lll H HHH

  5. Addition of a diatomic halogen- halogenation ClCl l l H – C = C – H + Cl2 H – C – C – H l lll H HHH

  6. Addition of Water – hydration* H OH l l H – C = C – H + H2O  H – C – C – H l lll H HHH

  7. Addition of a hydrogen halide - hydrohalogenation* H Cl l l H – C = C – H + HCl H – C – C – H l lll H HHH

  8. *Markovnikov’s Rule: when a hydrogen halide or water is added across a double bond, the hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most hydrogens “the rich get richer” i.e. On board

  9. Triple Bonds • In a controlled environment the triple bond only can be broken leaving a double bond • With ample reactant, both the triple and double bond can be broken leaving an alkane • i.e. On board

  10. 2.) Substitution • H or a different atom (usually halogen) is replaced by a different atom • 2 cpds form 2 different products • common for alcohols, alkyl halidesaromatics, & putting R-grps on N

  11. IMPORTANT • Used to make amines and start the process of making a 1o alcohol • Halogens are the only atom that can substitute for a H

  12. General Reaction H HHH l lll H – C – C – H + YA H – C – C – Y + HA l lll H HHH

  13. On the Board: • Example of making an amine • Example of making a primary alcohol

  14. 3.) Elimination • atoms are removed from a moleculeto form a double bond • reverse of an addition rxn • 1 rxt to give 2 products • common for alkyl halides and alcohols

  15. General Reaction X Y l lH2SO4 H – C – C – H H – C = C – H + XY l lll H HHH i.e. On board

  16. 4.) Oxidation • a C atom forms more bonds to an oxygen OR less bonds to hydrogen • alcohols commonly oxidized to produce aldehydes and ketones • [O] can be KMnO4 or Cr2O72- in H2SO4

  17. 2o or 3o make a ketone OH O l ll R – CH – R + [O]  R – C – R

  18. 1o alcohols make an aldehyde OH O l ll R – C – H + [O]  R – C – H l H

  19. Aldehyde makes Carboxylic acid O O llll R – C – H + [O]  R – C – OH Examples on board

  20. 5.) Condensation • 2 molecules combine to form a single molecule (usually water is also formed) • Makes esters, amides and ethers i.e. on board

  21. 6.) Combustion • The reaction of organic molecules (usually hydrocarbons and alcohols) with oxygen • Complete combustion occurs when there is plenty of oxygen Products: CO2(g) and H2O(g)

  22. Partial combustion occurs when less oxygen is available Products: CO(g) and H2O(g) • Incomplete combustion occurs when there is even less oxygen available Products: C(s) + H2O(g)

More Related