Imperialism

1. Imperialism What lead the US to Expand? How does the US become a World Power? How and why did the US annex Hawaii?

2. What is Imperialism? • The Policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories • Age of Imperialism mid – 1800s to the early 1900s • Starts mainly with the powerful European nations extending their power into colonies and new territories for economic benefit. • Africa- Diamonds and Natural Resources • India – Cotton. • Extractive Economies • Looking to extract natural resources from their colonies and ship them back to their home country.

3. US Imperialism • US had plenty of resources, they had a surplus of goods. • High supply and low demand • Prices drop • Industrialist and farmers urged the US to expand trade overseas where the supply could be sold

4. First Steps to Imperialism • Military Strength • Need someone to expand and protect • Naval Power • Alfred T Mahan • The Influence of Sea Power on History • Urged the US to build a grand Navy and get locations around the globe to refuel and stock up • Urged by Mahan and others the US would modernize to become the 3rd largest navy in the world. • The Great White Fleet • Teddy Roosevelt sent the 16 newest battleships around the world as a show of force.

6. Ethics? • Used the Ideas of Racial, National, and Cultural Superiority to justify Imperialism • Social Darwinism • Life consists of a competitive struggle in which only the fittest survive. • Felt certain races and nations were superior and were destined to rule over inferior peoples and cultures. • Get in the game or get eaten up • Manifest Destiny • Now we have gone sea to sea, we should keep going.

7. First steps to World Power • Matthew Perry Opens Japan • 1853- sailed warships into Tokyo Bay • Japan had been closed to any outsiders for over 100 years • Negotiated a trade treaty between Japan and the United States.

8. First Steps to World Power • Matthew Perry Opens Japan • William Seward buys Alaska • 1867 pays $7.2 million dollars to the Russians for present day Alaska • Many called it Seward’s Folly • Though it doubled the size of the country and was rich in valuable resources • Expanded Americas reach across the Pacific.

9. First Steps to World Power • Matthew Perry Opens Japan • William Seward buys Alaska • US increases its influence in Latin America • James Blain – Secretary of State • Holds First International Pan-American Conference in 1889 • Delegates from 17 Latin American countries talked economics and trade • Paved the way for the Pan-American Highway System which linked the US to Central and South America • Grover Cleveland stood up to defend the Monroe Doctrine

10. US and Hawaii • US has been tied to Hawaii since 1790 when merchant ships stopped there on their way to Asia • Missionaries established churches and schools on the islands • Americans also established sugar cane plantations there • 1887 American planters convinced King Kalakaua to amend the constitution to limit voting rights only to wealthy land owners • Who were white planters.

11. White Planters face Problems • In the early 1890s American tariffs made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than American Sugar • A New ruler took over, Queen Liliuokalani, who was a Nationalist • Abolished the constitution that had given power to the white minority

12. Americans Respond • In 1893 the planters overthrew the queen • John Stevens, US Minister to Hawaii, ordered the US Marines to help the rebels seize power • The wealthy planters lead by Sanford B Dole, asked President Benjamin Harrison to annex Hawaii into the US • Benjamin Harrison signed the documents but could not get the required senate approval before he was replaced by Grover Cleveland

13. Annexing Hawaii • Grover Cleveland launched an Investigation and learned that the Majority of Hawaiian people didn’t approve of the annexation • He refused to annex Hawaii and apologized for the “flagrant wrong” done by the Americans in Hawaii • However West coast American business interests wanted Hawaii and in 1897 a new president entered the white house • William McKinley favored annexation and shortly after the Spanish American war broke out congress proclaimed Hawaii an official US Territory.

14. Imperialism and the Spanish American War Explain the Causes of the Spanish American War Identify Major Battles Describe Yellow Press and its influence Describe the consequences of the War.

15. The Outbreak of War • Spanish Decline • By the late 1800s the Spanish empire was on a decline • All they possessed was the Philippine islands and a few Caribbean Islands including Puerto Rico and Cuba. • By 1897 American entrepreneurs had invested $50 million in Sugar Cane • However the islands government was politically unstable • A war for independence had been launched in 1985 by Jose Marti • Spanish Generals rounded up the rural population into camps and starved them in order to stop the Rebellion

16. Americans and Cubans • Many Americans supported the Cubans • Likened them to their own heritage fighting for independence • Looked at the Spanish brutality and sympathized with the rebels • Also influenced by what they were seeing in the Newspapers

17. Yellow Press • Pulitzer and Hearst increased the public dislike of the Spanish government • Both used Yellow Press to influence public opinion • Featured a comic book character called The Yellow Kid • Pasted sensational headlines and pictures on their front pages • Exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared Cuban rebels to the Patriots of the Revolution. • Posted negative Spanish press and letters about the president

18. McKinley’s Warning • Warned the Spanish to establish peace of the United States would take whatever steps it should deem necessary to procure this result. • Spanish removed restrictions and offered reforms but the rebels insisted on freedom. • McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect American Citizens in Cuba. • The New York Journal published a private letter written by Spain's ambassador to Washington DC • Called McKinley a weak and stupid politician • This increased the hatred of Americans towards Spain. Jingoism

19. Remember The Maine • Soon after the letter was published the Maine exploded in Havana Harbor • 266 of the 350 officers and crew died. • The Yellow Press promptly accused Spain of blowing up the battleship • One newspaper headline declared: “War? Sure!” • McKinley didn’t declare war right away, he investigated • Investigation stated that it was a mine that caused it to blow up. • A follow up investigation raised doubts about the findings but people still blamed Spain.

20. WAR! • The Nation demanded war. • Spain agreed to give more to the people but it was too late. • On April 11 McKinley asked congress to allow him to use force to end the fighting in Cuba • 8 days later congress declared war. • But stating that the United States has no intention of annexing Cuba. • McKinley asked for 100,000 volunteers to join the army • In response Spain declared war on the US.

21. Spanish American War • Over 200,000 men enlisted and in May of the next year the first major victory came, but not from Cuba • In the Philippines • On May 1st 1896 commodore George Dewey took his ships into Manila Bay • Surprised the Spanish fleet and destroyed them. • Dewey became an instant Hero • At the same time the Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo were defeating the Spanish Army • By August the Spanish had surrendered in the Philippines.

23. Struggle in Cuba • While the fighting in the Philippines was going on the American forces were also in Cuba • In June they captured Guantanamo Bay, and stormed the shores of Santiago • But they were poorly trained and ill-equipped • Given obsolete weapons and heavy wool uniforms • Also received rotten and contaminated food • Lead by General Shafter they worked to secure Cuba • Lead mainly cavalry units to try and control the island • One such unit was the Rough Riders

24. The Rough Riders • Organized and commanded by Future President Teddy Roosevelt • Consisted of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners who agreed and enjoyed living what Roosevelt called “the strenuous life” • Played a major role in the battles for Kettle and San Juan Hill. • Stormed up the hill, supported by African American soldiers, to secure the high ground. • Forced the Spanish to flee the harbor, which was blocked by American ships. • After they secured Santiago, the US secured Puerto Rico

26. Victory • Having secured the islands the war wound down and came to an end • Americans lost around 3,000 men but only 380 died in battle, the rest died of disease, particularly yellow fever and malaria • Secretary of State John Hay referred to it as the “splendid little war”

27. Effects of the War • The Treaty of Paris 1898 • Ended the war • Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific Islands of Guam and sold the Philippines to the US for $20 Million • What to do with the new territory? • Cant take control of Cuba because they said they wouldn’t when they declared war. But it didn’t say anything about the Philippines

28. Imperialism? • The debate over imperialism rose when it came to the Philippines • McKinley wanted to keep the Philippines to educate and uplift and civilize them. • Argued that the US had a responsibility to govern the Filipinos. • Also felt that it was a valuable trade link to China • Anti-Imperialists • William Jennings Bryan and Mark Twain, condemned it as a crime and viewed it as an attack on our government system. • US accepted the treaty of Paris and McKinley won re-election by picking Teddy Roosevelt as VP. • This solidified Americans in the world picture and moved them further into imperialism.