Preview Starting Points Map Main Idea / Reading Focus Causes of the Revolution

2. Preview Starting Points Map Main Idea / Reading Focus Causes of the Revolution Quick Facts: Causes of the Revolution First Events of the Revolution Creating a New Nation The Revolution Begins

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4. The Revolution Begins Main Idea Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy. • Reading Focus • What caused the French Revolution? • What happened during the first events of the Revolution? • How did the French create a new nation?

5. Long-standing resentments against the monarchy Inequalities in society Existing social and political structure Called the Old Order, or ancient régime King at the top and estates under him King Louis XVI, shy and indecisive Unpopular, self-indulgent queen, Marie-Antoinette Rest of French society divided into three classes, called estates Causes of the Revolution

6. First Estate Second Estate Third Estate • Roman Catholic clergy • One percent of the population • Exempt from taxes • Owned 10 percent of the land • Collected rents and fees • Bishops and other clergy grew wealthy • Nobility • Less than 2 percent of the population • Paid few taxes • Controlled much wealth • Held key positions • Government • Military • Lived on country estates • Largest group—97% of the population • Bourgeoisie—city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals • Sans culottes—artisans and workers • Peasants—poor with little hope, paid rents and fees The Three Estates Varied widely in what they contributed in terms of work and taxes

7. A Financial Crisis Enlightenment Ideas • Severe economic problems affected much of the country • France in debt, spending lavishly, borrowing money, and facing bankruptcy • Hailstorm and drought ruined harvest; harsh winter limited flour production • People hungry and angry; clergy and nobility no help • Inspiring new ideas from Enlightenment philosophers • Great Britain’s government limiting the king’s power • American colonists rebelled successfully against British king • New ideas changed government and society in other countries Further Causes

9. Summarize What were the causes of the French Revolution? Answer(s): inequalities in society, Enlightenment ideas, poor leadership, financial crisis, hunger and cold

10. First Events of the Revolution • By 1789, no group happy • Clergy and nobility lost power to monarchy • Bourgeoisie resented regulations • Poor worse off • Estates General meets • Desire for reforms • Voting process a problem • Third Estate proclaimed themselves National Assembly • Tennis Court Oath • Storming of the Bastille • King brought in troops • People of Paris armed themselves • Searching for weapons, a mob stormed the Bastille • Great Fear spread • King to punish the Third Estate with foreign soldiers • Rumors of massacres • Peasants destroyed records and burned nobles’ houses

11. Identify Cause and Effect What was the connection between the fall of the Bastille and the Great Fear? Answer(s): possible answer—After the fall of the Bastille, people were terrified that the king would punish them.

12. Restrictions on Power Legislating New Rights • Louis tried to protect his throne • Angered the common people • Prices still high; mob broke into the palace demanding bread • Royal family seized; National Assembly took bolder steps • Passed laws against the church, clergy, and public employees • Some outraged by actions • Feudal dues eliminated • Declaration laid out “liberty, equality, fraternity” • Inspired by the English Bill of Rights, American Declaration of Independence, and the writings of Enlightenment philosophers • Men are born equal and remain equal under the law • The rights did not extend to women Creating a New Nation

13. Foreign Powers End of Monarchy • Austria and Prussia warned against harming monarchs • Austrian army defeats French • Financial strain of war, food shortages, and high prices • King blamed; action demanded • August 10, 1792 royal family imprisoned by mob • Radical faction took charge with National Convention • Monarchy abolished; France declared a republic Formation of a New Government In 1791, the Legislative Assembly is formed. Citizens gained broad voting rights, but rights were not universal. Constitution restricted power of king and ended distinctions of birth. King and queen feared they would be harmed. French revolutionary troops won the Battle of Valmy. New French republic held ground against Europe’s Old Order.

14. Sequence What steps did National and Legislative Assemblies take to create a new nation? Answer(s): National Assembly completed constitution and created Legislative Assembly; Legislative Assembly—created a new legislature, the National Convention, which abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic

15. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus A Radical Government The Reign of Terror Quick Facts: Governments of Revolutionary France The Republic

16. The Republic Main Idea An extreme government changed French society and tried through harsh means to eliminate its critics within France. • Reading Focus • What changes did the radical government make in French society and politics? • What was the Reign of Terror, and how did it end?

17. Factions Leaders Executions • Radical Mountain • Moderate Girondins • The Plain (swing voters) • No group had program or plan of action • Personal rivalries • Marat • Sansculottes, advocate of violence • Danton • Compromiser • Robespierre • Dedicated radical • King put to death by guillotine • Europeans reacted with horror • Revolution savagery condemned A Radical Government In 1792, the radical representatives were in charge of the National Convention. The constitutional monarchy came to a violent end, and France became a republic.

18. Tightening Control • Committee of Public Safety set up to manage military defense • Drafted all able-bodied men between 18 and 45 for service • Established the Revolutionary Tribunal to protect the Revolution • Transforming Society • Leaders wanted to erase connections to old ways of life • Clergy members lost positions; churches closed in Paris • Robespierre created the cult of the Supreme Being • Metric system was introduced

19. Explain Why did the National Convention want to change French government and society? Answer(s): It saw the old government and systems as oppressive and it wanted to create a better society.

20. The Reign of Terror • Course of Revolution • Revolutionary leaders feared counterrevolution and took drastic actions with accusations, trials, and executions. This period was known as the Reign of Terror. • An Outbreak of Civil War • Peasants, essentially conservative, only wanted an end to feudal dues. • Remaining devoutly Catholic, the Vendée region opposed the Revolution in a civil war. The government put down the counterrevolution to regain control. • Accusations and Trials • Robespierre used the Revolutionary Tribunal to rid the country of dissent. • It started with the Girondists, but soon anyone who had ever criticized the Revolution, or who had connections to the Old Order, was in danger.

22. The Terror’s Victims After the Terror • No one was spared • Peasants and laborers affected • Danton and Robespierre • 40,000 executed in 10 months • “Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in your name!” • France started over with new constitution in 1795 • Voting limited to property owners • The Directory established • High prices, bankruptcy, and citizens’ unrest continued • Power vacuum developed No Escape from the Terror • Death by Guillotine • Most common sentence - death by guillotine • Condemned paraded through Paris in open carts • Mobs watched at scaffold; executions took less than one minute

23. Summarize Why was the period of mass executions called the Reign of Terror? Answer(s): It was a period of accusations, trials, and executions that led to a wave of fear.

24. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Napoleon’s Rise to Power Emperor Napoleon Faces of History: Napoleon Bonaparte Map: Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon’s Policies Napoleon’s Europe

25. Napoleon’s Europe Main Idea Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks to become emperor over France and much of Europe. • Reading Focus • How did Napoleon rise to power? • How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe? • What were Napoleon’s most important policies?

26. Opportunities for Glory • Napoleon Seizes Power • Directory weak and ineffective • Fear of royalists and of European opposition • November 1799 coup d’état • France to be led by Consulate • Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator • Napoleon, brilliant military leader • In charge of French interior at 26 • Invaded Italy and Egypt • Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers • Became national hero Napoleon’s Rise to Power Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution. Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.

27. Summarize What events led to Napoleon’s rise to power? Answer(s): stopped royalists from regaining power, defended French interior, won battles in Italy, kept borders secure, won territory for France, covered up Battle of Nile, coup d'état

28. Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe Napoleon crowns himself Submitted a plebiscite before voters Emperor Napoleon I Desire for empire Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today) failed Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his focus to Europe Emperor Napoleon

29. Quest to Conquer Europe • Napoleonic Wars Begin • Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution, would last a decade • France dominant power in Europe • French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more quickly • Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar off coast of Spain • Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at Austerlitz

30. Continental System The Peninsular War • “Nation of shopkeepers,” Great Britain continued to defy Napoleon • Blockade prohibited French or allied ships from trade with Britain • Britain required ships from neutral countries to stop in British ports • War of 1812 one result • Troops to Portugal and Spain • Spanish people revolted in 1808 • Great Britain stepped in to help • Guerrilla war with Spanish kept French busy • Napoleon finally pulled out of Spain

31. Napoleon Dominates Europe • Mastered Most of Europe • Through treaties, alliances, and victories in battle • Controlled much of Europe by 1812 • Free of Control • Great Britain remained an enemy • Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped Bonaparte’s grip • Rewarded Relatives • Relatives put in power; brothers on thrones of Holland, Naples, and Sicily • Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

34. Summarizing What regions of Europe did Napoleon dominate? Answer(s): all nations except Great Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire

35. Napoleon’s Policies • Church-State Relations • Antireligious nature of French Revolution over • Concordat recognized influence of Roman Catholic Church • Economic Reforms • Established the Bank of France to regulate economy • More efficient tax-collection system • Legal and Educational • Napoleonic Code developed • Order and authority over individual rights • Schools for government and military positions • Legacy—Age of Napoleon • Democratic ideas • Equality before law, representative system • Spread of nationalism

36. Identify Cause and Effect How did Napoleon’s reforms affect French society? Answer(s): Napoleon made some basic revolutionary ideas part of the French government.

37. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Disaster and Defeat Map: Russian Campaign,1812 The Last Campaigns The Congress of Vienna Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

38. Preview, continued The Revolution’s Legacy Faces of History: Prince Klemens von Metternich Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of the French Revolution Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

39. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction Main Idea After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe. • Reading Focus • What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon? • What were Napoleon’s last campaigns? • What did the Congress of Vienna achieve? • What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

40. Disaster and Defeat • Portugal • Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal • Peninsular campaign was a failure • Russia • Czar Nicholas I didn’t like French troops on western border • Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports • CostlyMistake • Napoleon turned east in 1812 • Hoped to teach Russia a lesson

42. The Russian Campaign • June 1812 • Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops • Marched across Russian border • French Army • New recruits with no loyalty • Supplies lost or spoiled • Disease, desertion, and hunger • No One to Fight • Russian troops pulled east • French victory at Borodino, but Russian army still strong • Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames • Retreat Homeward • Ruined city, no winter supplies • Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated army • Only 94,000 men survived

43. Defeat and Exile to Elba • Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France • Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced • In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations near Leipzig • In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris. • Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went into exile on tiny island of Elba

44. Identify Cause and Effect What factors contributed to Napoleon’s failure in Russia? Answer(s): soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon, extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease, desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh Russian winter

45. The Last Campaigns • The Hundred Days • French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII • King unpopular; Napoleon returns after year in exile • Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by allies • Paris cheered Napoleon’s return • Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days

46. Battle of Waterloo Napoleon’s Final Days • Duke of Wellington led final confrontation • Battle of Waterloo • British and Prussian armies • Crushing defeat for Napoleon • End of the Napoleonic Wars • Tried to escape capture, sent to exile in Saint Helena • Volcanic island in South Atlantic • Remained imprisoned for six years • Died at 51; cause of death never determined The Last Campaigns

47. Draw Conclusions How was Napoleon able to escape exile in Elba and return to command the French army? Answer(s): hired a ship to return him to France and won the support of people and the army

48. The Congress of Vienna • Negotiators • Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria • Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France • Metternich • Distrusted democracy and political change • Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power • Goals for Other Decision Makers • Make sure France could not rise again to such power • Put down revolution wherever it might appear • Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule

49. Redrawing the Map • National borders • Congress changed many borders • Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France • New Countries • Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands • Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation • Process • Countries that aided France lost territory • Countries that fought France gained territory • Talleyrand arranged trades • France’s loss • Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory • Boundaries back to 1792 • Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

50. Restoring Monarchies • Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries. • Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily. • Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia. • Metternich’s Influence • His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society. • Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press. • Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.