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Understanding the Central Nervous System: Functions, Structures, and Disorders

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the Central Nervous System (CNS), detailing its critical functions in communication and coordination within the body. It covers the structure and role of neurons, the brain's anatomy, including the cerebrum and cerebellum, and the spinal cord's functions. The chapter also discusses the impact of aging on the nervous system and outlines various disorders, such as meningitis and Parkinson’s disease. The importance of the hypothalamus in maintaining homeostasis and regulating vital body functions is highlighted as well.

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Understanding the Central Nervous System: Functions, Structures, and Disorders

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  1. Chapter 8 Central Nervous System Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  2. CNS Functions • CNS stands for central nervous system • Communication and coordination system in the body • Gives us personality • Seat of intellect and reasoning Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  3. The Nerve Cell • Called the neuron • Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane • Dendrites – received the signal • Axons (only one per cell) • myelin sheath (how it conducts the signal

  4. Nervous Tissue/Cells • Neurons (different types) • Sensory = afferent • Motor or efferent • Associative or interneurons • Membrane excitability

  5. Synapse • When messages go from one cell to the next cell • Synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  6. Divisions of the Nervous System • Central nervous system • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system • 12 pairs of cranial nerves (coming out of the brain) • Eyes, smell, ect… • 31 pairs of spinal nerves • Autonomic nervous system (fight or flight Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  7. Effects of Aging • Slowing nerve conduction • Loss of brain size • Slowing of reaction time • Changes in sleep patterns

  8. The Brain • Weighs about 1400 grams or 3 pounds • 100 billion neurons • Meninges (covering) and cerebrospinal fluid • Without oxygen, brain damage occurs within 4-8 minutes Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  9. The Brain • Cerebrum • Diencephalon • Cerebellum • Brain stem

  10. The Brain

  11. Memory • Storage of old and new information • Role of the hippocampus • Short or long term memory

  12. Meninges =Coverings of the Brain • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  13. Ventricles of the Brain • Four lined cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid • 1st and 2nd • Right and left lateral ventricles • 3rd • Connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen

  14. Ventricles of the Brain • 4th • Connected to the 3rd by the cerebral aqueduct Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  15. CSF • Cerebral spinal fluid =CSF • Formed inside the four ventricles • Formation and flow of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) • Blood-brain barrier • Lumbar puncture

  16. Cerebrum • Largest part of the brain • Weighs about 2 pounds • Cerebral cortex • Two hemispheres and longitudinal fissure • Fissures and sulci • Gyri or convulutions Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  17. Five Major Fissures • Longitudinal fissure • Transverse fissure • Central fissure • Lateral fissure • Parieto-occipital fissure Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  18. Cerebral Functionsdepends on location • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Occipital lobe • Temporal lobe • Limbic lobe or system Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  19. Diencephalon • Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain • Thalamus • Hypothalamus Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  20. Hypothalamus • Important part of homeostasis • Autonomic nervous control • Cardiovascular control • Temperature control • Appetite control • Water balance Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  21. Hypothalamus • Manufacture of oxytocin • Gastrointestinal control • Emotional state • Sleep control • Mind-over-body experiences Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  22. Cerebellum • Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  23. Cerebellar Function • Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum • Maintenance of balance • Maintenance of muscle tone • Coordination of muscle movements Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  24. Brain Stem • Midbrain • Pons -breathing • Medulla oblongata • The cranial nerves 3-12 emerge

  25. Spinal Cord • Begins at foramen magnum of the occipital bone • Ends at the second lumbar vertebrae • 31 pairs of spinal nerves • Protected by meninges and other tissues • White and gray matter • Functions Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  26. gray horns and the gray commissure form the “gray H.” Columns” of white matter carry information either up or down the spinal cord

  27. Disorders • Meningitis • Encephalitis • Epilepsy • Cerebral palsy Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  28. Disorders • Poliomyelitis • Hydrocephalus • Parkinson’s disease • Essential tremor Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  29. Disorders • Multiple sclerosis • West Nile virus • Dementia • Alzheimer’s disease Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  30. Disorders • Brain tumors • Hematoma • Spinal cord injuries • Quadriplegia • Paraplegia

  31. Headaches • Tension • Migraine • Cluster Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

  32. Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Chiropractic physician & Instructor at Heald College Back in the Game www.bigsportsmed.com

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