1 / 39

Chapter 9: Development

Chapter 9: Development. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. Development pg 274. The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) AKA developed countries

ewa
Download Presentation

Chapter 9: Development

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 9: Development The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

  2. Developmentpg 274 • The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology • More developed countries (MDCs) • AKA developed countries • Lesser developed countries (LDCs) • AKA emerging or developing countries

  3. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? • Economic indicators of development (pg 275) • The Human Development Index (HDI) (pg 275) • Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: • Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita • Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education • Demographic = (4) life expectancy • Which country has the highest HDI? • Which country has the lowest HDI?

  4. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? • Economic indicators of development (pg 275) • Gross Domestic Product Per Capita • GDP – • What was it in 2009 in the United States? • Per capita GDP- • What was per capita GDP in 2009 in the United States? • What does per capita GDP not show? • What would be a ‘better’ tool to use that GDP or per capita GDP?

  5. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

  6. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Economic indicators of development • Types of jobs (pg 275-276) • Primary sector (including?) • Secondary sector (including?) • Tertiary sector (including?) • Productivity • Measured by the value added per capita (pg 276) • MDCs are more productive than LDCs – why? • Consumer goods (pg 277)

  7. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Consumer goods (pg 277) • why are the products that are essential in MCSs not so essential in LCSs? • Why can a gap emerge between the ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’ in LDCs?

  8. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

  9. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Social indicators of development • (pg 277-278) • Education and literacy • The literacy rate • Health and welfare (pg 279) • Diet (adequate calories) • What influences the health of a population? • Access to health care

  10. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Welfare - ? • How much of health care costs are paid by government programs in Europe? • What about in the U.S.? • Which countries typically provide the highest level of public-assistance payments?

  11. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

  12. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? • Demographic indicators of development (pg 279-281) • Life expectancy • Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s • Other demographic indicators: • Infant mortality • Natural increase • Crude birth rate

  13. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? • More developed regions (pg 282-283) • North America and Europe • Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand • Less developed regions • Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs • Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI • South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

  14. More and Less Developed Regions Figure 9-10

  15. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? • Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) • Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes • Four measures (similar to HDI): • Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes • Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males • Percent of literate females to literate males • Life expectancy of females to males

  16. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17

  17. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21

  18. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? • Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) • Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics • Uses economic and political indicators: • Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes • Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women • Percentage of administrative jobs held by women • Percentage of women holding national office

  19. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Figure 9-22

  20. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23

  21. Progress Toward Development Figure 9-26

  22. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Development through self-sufficiency • Characteristics: • Pace of development = modest • Distribution of development = even • Barriers are established to protect local business • Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers • Two major problems with this approach: • Inefficient businesses are protected • A large bureaucracy is developed

  23. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Development through international trade • Rostow’s model of development • Examples of international trade approach • The “four Asian dragons” • Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states • Three major problems: • Uneven resource distribution • Increased dependence on MDCs • Market decline

  24. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • International trade approach triumphs • The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century • Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development • Example: India • World Trade Organization • Foreign direct investment

  25. Triumph of International Trade Approach Figure 9-28 Figure 9-27

  26. Foreign Direct Investment Figure 9-30

  27. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Financing development • LDCs require money to fund development • Two sources of funds: • Loans • The World Bank and the IMF • Structural adjustment programs • Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

  28. Debt as a Percentage of Income Figure 9-31

  29. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? • Fair trade approach • Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs • Two sets of standards • Fair trade producer standards • Fair trade worker standards • Producers and workers usually earn more • Consumers usually pay higher prices

  30. Core and Periphery Model Figure 9-32

  31. De BlijHow Do You Define and Measure Development? • pg 303 • what have economist uses as a more accurate way of measuring a country’s wealth? • Gross National Income (GNI) – calculated the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country • the best way to understand GNI is to divide it by the population of the country • Per capita GNI – the GNI divided by the number of people in the country • (note the GNI (per capita)) of selected countries)

  32. De BlijHow Do You Define and Measure Development? • ex. – Middle Eastern oil countries (such as UAE) have GNI’s of over • pg. 304 • 15,000, but it’s not equally distributed • one of the emirates – Abu Dhabi – generates 58% of the GDP and so on • another limitation of GNI is is measures only production (outputs) • it does not take into account the costs of production which take a toll on the environment through resource depletion and pollution • and it may even treat such externalities as a plus • ex.- the sale of cigarettes augments GNI and if the cigarettes cause sickness and hospitalization GNI is boosted further; conversely the use of energy saving bulbs can reduce GNI

  33. De Blij= Issues with Measuring Economic Development • All measurements count the: • Formal Economy – the legal economy that governments tax and monitor. • All measurements do not count the: • Informal Economy – the illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of.

  34. De Blij - Dependency Theory – pg 306 The political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas. • -- Economic structures make poorer countries dependent on wealthier countries. • - Little hope for economic prosperity in poorer countries.

  35. Dollarization – Abandoning the local currency of a country and adopting the dollar as the local currency. El Salvador went through dollarization in 2001

  36. De Blij - • -Barriers and Cost of Economic Development: • (pg 309-318) • Low levels of Social Welfare • Foreign Debt • Political Instability • Wide spread diseases

  37. Why Do Countries Experience Uneven Development Within the State? • within the Periphery of the Periphery • how do you create development away from the islands of development? • usually it’s non governmental organizations who try to improve the plight of the people • nongovernment organizations NGOs are not run by state or local governments • they operate as nonprofit organizations

  38. Why Do Countries Experience Uneven Development Within the State? • an organization is like a church or charities such as Heifer International • their goals are outlined by their founders • 20, 000 NGOs operate in Bangladesh • pg. 325 • one particular NGO that has been successful is the • microcredit program • what do they do? • they give loans to poor people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses • and they work – have 98% repayment rate • microcredit alters the gender balance in the region • it gives more fiscal power to women

  39. The End. Up next: Agriculture

More Related