The building of global empires

1. The building of global empires

2. Global Empires Key takeaways: • Industrialization requires resources (raw materials, labor, etc) and markets • Resources are limited • The need for resources and new markets to feed industrialization led to industrialized countries conquering and exploiting unindustrialized countries. Imperialism!

3. Key Terms and People • New Imperialism- Used to describe the European imperialism of the 19th century to differentiate which took place in Africa and Asia to differentiate it from the “old imperialism” in which Europeans conquered the Americas. • “Great Game”- competition between Russia and Great Britain for influence in central Asia • French Indochina- French colonies in southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) • Boers or Afrikaners- Dutch Settlers in South Africa • Concessionary Rule- When imperial powers “outsource” their imperialism to privately owned concessionary companies who are responsible for collecting taxes, organizing labor, and turning a profit. Ended due to concerns surrounding humanitarian abuses. • Direct Rule- When an imperial power rules directly over a colony…ex: the French in Africa and SE Asia.

4. Key Terms and People • Indirect Rule- When an imperial power rules through local intermediaries. Ex: The British in Africa and India • Tributary status- when one country is reliant on another more dominant country. Colonies, for example. • Suez Canal- Canal in Egypt. Connects Mediterranean to Red Sea. Vital for British control of India. Saves time on trade. • Sepoy – British Trained, Indian Soldiers • Scramble for Africa – Describes how Europeans carved up Africa into colonies. • The Berlin Conference – The meeting where the Scramble for Africa began. Idea was that this could avoid conflict between Europeans for colonies as had happened in the Americas.

5. Key Terms and People • Cecil Rhodes – British industrialist. Began British colony in South Africa (sometimes called the Cape) that eventually pushed out the Dutch after the British victory in the Boer Wars. • Afrikaans- South African language based on a form of Dutch that was brought to the Cape by protestant settlers. • Monroe Doctrine – Pres. James Monroe (USA) warned Europeans to stay out of the Americas (north and south). • Spanish-American War – War fought between USA and Spain. USA won. Took control of colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. • Panama Canal – Cuts through Panama (Between North and South America). Vital for Global Trade. Built by Theodore Roosevelt.

6. Key Terms and People • Ceylon – Island in South Asia. Today it is Sri Lanka. Home of the Lipton Tea Plantation. • Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineu- Wrote a book that attempted to use scientific ideas to justify racism. Sometimes called “scientific racism” <-not actually a science • Social Darwinism- associated with Herbert Spencer. Believed stronger nations dominating weaker ones was both natural and best for all concerned. Used as justification for Imperialism. • Ram Mohan Roy – Father of Indian Nationalism. One of the early voices against British colonization of India • Indian National Congress – Society of Indian elites who formed to speak out against Imperialism and promote Indian independence. • All India Muslim League – Another society that joined the Indian National Congress in promoting independence. Also endorsed the idea of forming a separate state for Indian Muslims (Pakistan).

7. Focus Questions • What were the motives behind the resurgence of European and American Imperialism in the 19th century? • What technologies were used in the process of empire building in the 19th century? • How was British imperialism in India similar to/different from imperialism in central and southeast Asia • What were the causes and consequences leading to the scramble for Africa? • How, why, and where did Europeans establish colonial outposts in Oceania and the Pacific Ocean? • To what extent did the United States engage in empire building in the 19th century? Be sure to address locations, motives, and consequences. • How, why, and where did Japan expand to during this age of new imperialism? • What economic and social changes resulted from 19th century imperialism • What were the effects of colonial policies on subject societies and peoples?

8. What were the motives behind the resurgence of European and American Imperialism in the 19th century? New Imperialism was mostly driven by the need to supply raw materials for Industrial economies, though cultural justifications like Social Darwinism were ubiquitous (everywhere) in the west. Not just in politics, but even in art. Example: Rudyard Kipling’s poem The White Man’s Burden was written to encourage the United States to colonize the Philippines. In the poem, Natives are referred to as “half devil and half child.”

9. What technologies were used in the process of empire building in the 19th century? • Gunpowder • Accurate, easy to fire, rifles • Maxim machine gun • Artillery attached to fast moving ships • Canals

10. How was British imperialism in India similar to/different from imperialism in central and southeast Asia India British made no attempts to spread Christianity Conquest began with private companies like the East India Company and only transferred to direct imperial rule after the Sepoy Rebellion Both Used colonies to grow cash crops and provide raw materials like cotton and tea (British in India), tobacco, coffee, rubber, and tin (Dutch in Indonesia) Both English and French educated the children of indigenous elites to garner their support Central/SE Asia French converted many in SE Asia to Roman Catholicism Conquest was driven directly by the European governments involved.

11. What were the causes and consequences leading to the scramble for Africa? Causes: Consequences: Every territory except Liberia and Ethiopia fell under European Rule Great Wealth for Europeans Traditional rivalries temporarily subsided as Africans had common oppressors New rivalries were created as Europeans played some groups of Africans against others (divide and conquer) • Early Euro interest due to gold, ivory, and Palm Oil. • New knowledge of the interior thanks to missionaries and journalists. • Need for raw materials (industrialization) • Discovery of diamonds in South Africa

12. How, why, and where did Europeans establish colonial outposts in Oceania and the Pacific Ocean? Euro colonies in pacific Either settler colonies (rare) or commercial bases (more common). Australia was established as a British penal colony, but by 1830 voluntary settlers outnumbered convicts. Discovery of gold further motivated Europeans to settle in Australia. New Zealand’s fertile soil and abundant timber brought Europeans seeking land to cultivate. While natives resisted, Europeans had superior weapons. Most colonies in the pacific were for commercial ports and did not experience European settlement outside of missionaries, Whalers, and fishermen. However, like the Americas, Natives were ravaged by European diseases. Examples: Tahiti (France), Fiji (Britain), the Marshall Islands (Germany)

13. To what extent did the United States engage in empire building in the 19th century? Be sure to address locations, motives, and consequences. • Most of US “empire Building” was westward expansion fueled by manifest destiny. • Monroe Doctrine established informal control of the Americas throughout most of the 19th c. with the goal to promote free trade, which benefited US businesses. • Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867; Hawaii became US possession in 1898 after the dole company experienced problems with natives on their pineapple planation. • Spanish- (Cuban-) American War won Cuba, the Philippines, and Guam as US territories, and led to the US Taking over Spanish business interests throughout Latin America and the Caribbean (Economic Imperialism). • The US constructed the Panama Canal to facilitate transportation and communication between US interests in the Atlantic and PAcific the “Roosevelt Corollary” Became part o the Monroe doctrine and stated that the US could intervene in domestic affairs within the western hemisphere.

14. How, why, and where did Japan expand to during this age of new imperialism? • The Japanese industrialized to avoid the kind of treatment they suffered at the hands of Europeans and Americans prior to modernizing • Conquered nearby islands. • Fought Sino-Japanese War against China for control of Korea • Fought Russo-Japanese war for territory in East Asia (Manchuria). • Achieved Recognition as a major world power

15. What economic and social changes resulted from 19th century imperialism • Changes in patterns of manufacturing as the process of production was now done on a global scale. • Labor migrations by Europeans to work in temperate climates like Australia and New Zealand. • The abolition of Slavery led to increased reliance on indentured servants from India (mostly), China, and Japan in throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania. • Many Europeans adopted ideas like scientific racism and Social Darwinism and spread European Culture, along with Christianity, throughout Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

16. What were the effects of colonial policies on subject societies and peoples? • The children of Elites in places like India were afforded the opportunity to attend European Universities • Exposure to Enlightenment Ideals fueled Independence movements like The Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, which joined together for a united voice in 1904 • The New Normal: Western Educated indigenous Elites leading the attack against Western Imperialism.