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Pacifism Religious and Secular

Pacifism Religious and Secular. January 24/26, 2012. Nation-state. A nation-state is a group of people who ( i ) occupy a defined territory, (ii) share a common cultural, historical, or ethnic identity, and (iii) are organized under a sovereign (i.e. autonomous) government.

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Pacifism Religious and Secular

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  1. PacifismReligious and Secular January 24/26, 2012

  2. Nation-state A nation-state is a group of people who (i) occupy a defined territory, (ii) share a common cultural, historical, or ethnic identity, and (iii) are organized under a sovereign (i.e. autonomous) government.

  3. Mohandas K. Gandhi(1869-1948)

  4. Gandhi on Hind Swaraj • It was written in 1908 during my return voyage from London to South Africa in answer to the Indian school of violence and its prototype in South Africa.  I came in contact with every known Indian anarchist in London. Their bravery impressed me, but I felt that their zeal was misguided. I felt that violence was no remedy for India's ills, and that her civilization required the use of a different and higher weapon for self-protection.

  5. Hind Swaraj, ch. 16 • Reader: …At first, we shall assassinate a few Englishmen and strike terror; then, a few men who will have been armed will fight openly. We may have to lose a quarter of a million men, more or less, but we shall regain our land. We shall undertake guerrilla warfare, and defeat the English.

  6. Hind Swaraj, ch. 16 • Editor: That is to say, you want to make the holy land of India unholy. Do you not tremble to think of freeing India by assassinations? What we need to do is to sacrifice ourselves. It is a cowardly thought, that of killing others. Whom do you suppose to free by assassination? The millions of India do not desire it. Those who are intoxicated by the wretched modern civilization think these things. Those who will rise to power by murder will certainly not make the nation happy.

  7. Hind Swaraj, ch. 17 • Editor: Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering, it is the reverse of resistance by arms.

  8. Hind Swaraj, ch. 17 • Editor: Passive resistance is an all-sided sword, it can be used anyhow; it blesses him who uses it and him against whom it is used. Without drawing a drop of blood it produces far reaching results. It never rusts and cannot he stolen. Competition between passive resisters does not exhaust. The sword of passive resistance does not require a scabbard.

  9. Hind Swaraj, ch. 17 • Editor: …We cease to co-operate with our rulers when they displease us. This is passive resistance.I remember an instance when, in a small principality, the villagers were offended by some command issued by the prince. The former immediately began vacating the village. The prince became nervous, apologized to his subjects and withdrew his command. Many such instances can be found in India.

  10. Satyagraha in practice • Asiatic Registration Act (South Africa, 1908)

  11. Satyagraha in practice • Asiatic Registration Act (South Africa, 1908) • Kheda (1918-1919)

  12. Satyagraha in practice • Asiatic Registration Act (South Africa, 1908) • Kheda (1918-1919) • Swadeshi policy

  13. Satyagraha in practice • Asiatic Registration Act (South Africa, 1908) • Kheda (1918-1919) • Swadeshi policy • Salt March (1930)

  14. Satyagraha in practice • Asiatic Registration Act (South Africa, 1908) • Kheda (1918-1919) • Swadeshi policy • Salt March (1930) • Quit India (1942)

  15. Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation.

  16. Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation. -Martin Luther King, Jr. (1959)

  17. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

  18. Howard Thurman(1899-1981)

  19. “The American Dream” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5HIN0TVoWA

  20. King on Non-Violence • [O]ur aim is not to defeat the white community, not to humiliate the white community, but to win the friendship of all of the persons who had perpetrated this system in the past. The end of violence or the aftermath of violence is bitterness. The aftermath of nonviolence is reconciliation and the creation of a beloved community. A boycott is never an end [in] itself. It is merely a means to awaken a sense of shame within the oppressor but the end is reconciliation, the end is redemption.

  21. Leo Tolstoy(1828-1910)

  22. Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God is Within You, ch. 2 Did Christ really demand from his disciples that they should carry out what he taught them in the Sermon on the Mount? And can a Christian, then, or can he not, always remaining a Christian, go to law or make any use of the law, or seek his own protection in the law? And can the Christian, or can he not, remaining a Christian, take part in the administration of government, using compulsion against his neighbors?

  23. Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God is Within You, ch. 2 And--the most important question hanging over the heads of all of us in these days of universal military service--can the Christian, or can he not, remaining a Christian, against Christ's direct prohibition, promise obedience in future actions directly opposed to his teaching? And can he, by taking his share of service in the army, prepare himself to murder men, and even actually murder them?

  24. Matthew 5:7-10 7 Blessed are the merciful,    for they will be shown mercy. 8 Blessed are the pure in heart,    for they will see God. 9 Blessed are the peacemakers,    for they will be called children of God. 10 Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness,    for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

  25. Matthew 5:38-41 38 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’ 39But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also. 

  26. Matthew 5:43-44 43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ 44 But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 

  27. Matthew 26:50-52 50 Jesus replied, “Do what you came for, friend.”    Then the men stepped forward, seized Jesus and arrested him. 51 With that, one of Jesus’ companions reached for his sword, drew it out and struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his ear. 52 “Put your sword back in its place,” Jesus said to him, “for all who draw the sword will die by the sword.

  28. Romans 12:9-13 9 Love must be sincere. Hate what is evil; cling to what is good. 10 Be devoted to one another in love. Honor one another above yourselves. 11 Never be lacking in zeal, but keep your spiritual fervor, serving the Lord. 12 Be joyful in hope, patient in affliction, faithful in prayer. 13 Share with the Lord’s people who are in need. Practice hospitality.

  29. Romans 12:14-16 14 Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse. 15 Rejoice with those who rejoice; mourn with those who mourn. 16 Live in harmony with one another. Do not be proud, but be willing to associate with people of low position. Do not be conceited.

  30. Romans 12:17-19 17 Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of everyone.18 If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. 19 Do not take revenge, my dear friends, but leave room for God’s wrath, for it is written: “It is mine to avenge; I will repay,” says the Lord.

  31. Romans 12:20-21 20 On the contrary:    “If your enemy is hungry, feed him;  if he is thirsty, give him something to drink. In doing this, you will heap burning coals on his head.” 21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.

  32. 1 Peter 2:19-21 19 For it is commendable if someone bears up under the pain of unjust suffering because they are conscious of God. 20 But how is it to your credit if you receive a beating for doing wrong and endure it? But if you suffer for doing good and you endure it, this is commendable before God. 21 To this you were called, because Christ suffered for you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps.

  33. 1 Peter 2:22-23 22 “He committed no sin,    and no deceit was found in his mouth.” 23 When they hurled their insults at him, he did not retaliate; when he suffered, he made no threats. Instead, he entrusted himself to him who judges justly.

  34. On the other hand…Matthew 8:5-9 5 When Jesus had entered Capernaum, a centurion came to him, asking for help. 6 “Lord,” he said, “my servant lies at home paralyzed, suffering terribly.” 7 Jesus said to him, “Shall I come and heal him?” 8 The centurion replied, “Lord, I do not deserve to have you come under my roof. But just say the word, and my servant will be healed. 9 For I myself am a man under authority, with soldiers under me. I tell this one, ‘Go,’ and he goes; and that one, ‘Come,’ and he comes. I say to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he does it.”

  35. Matthew 8:10-13 10 When Jesus heard this, he was amazed and said to those following him, “Truly I tell you, I have not found anyone in Israel with such great faith. 11 I say to you that many will come from the east and the west, and will take their places at the feast with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. 12 But the subjects of the kingdom will be thrown outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” 13 Then Jesus said to the centurion, “Go! Let it be done just as you believed it would.” And his servant was healed at that moment.

  36. Luke 3:14 14 Then some soldiers asked him, “And what should we do?”    He replied, “Don’t extort money and don’t accuse people falsely—be content with your pay.”

  37. John 2:13-16 13 When it was almost time for the Jewish Passover, Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 14 In the temple courts he found people selling cattle, sheep and doves, and others sitting at tables exchanging money. 15 So he made a whip out of cords, and drove all from the temple courts, both sheep and cattle; he scattered the coins of the money changers and overturned their tables. 16 To those who sold doves he said, “Get these out of here! Stop turning my Father’s house into a market!”

  38. Romans 13:1-2 1 Let everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. 2Consequently, whoever rebels against the authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on themselves.

  39. Romans 13:3-4 3 For rulers hold no terror for those who do right, but for those who do wrong. Do you want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and you will be commended. 4 For the one in authority is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God’s servants, agents of wrath to bring punishment on the wrongdoer.

  40. Secular Pacifism • Deontological pacifism

  41. A Deontological Principle • It is wrong to kill human beings who have done nothing to deserve death

  42. Secular Pacifism • Deontological • Consequentialist

  43. Stephan & Chenoweth“Why Civil Resistance Works” Out of 323 resistance campaigns from 1900 to 2006… • Percent of violent campaigns that achieved their objectives: • Percent of nonviolent campaigns that achieved their objectives:

  44. Stephan & Chenoweth“Why Civil Resistance Works” Out of 323 resistance campaigns from 1900 to 2006… • Percent of violent campaigns that achieved their objectives: 26% • Percent of nonviolent campaigns that achieved their objectives:

  45. Stephan & Chenoweth“Why Civil Resistance Works” Out of 323 resistance campaigns from 1900 to 2006… • Percent of violent campaigns that achieved their objectives: 26% • Percent of nonviolent campaigns that achieved their objectives: 53%

  46. Stephan & Chenoweth“Why Civil Resistance Works” • Breakdown of obedience • Mobilization of population • International pressure

  47. Secular Pacifism • Deontological • Consequentialist • Virtue Theoretic

  48. Super-hero Code of Honor

  49. Secular Pacifism • Deontological • Consequentialist • Virtue Theoretic

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