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ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2012

ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2012. Commodities, Part 1 Mineral Identification, Aggregates, Asbestos, Barite, Borates, Bromine. Commodities outline. Introduction (definition) Uses (properties) Production Geologic descriptions and distribution Processing, marketing.

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ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2012

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  1. ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals Spring 2012 Commodities, Part 1 Mineral Identification, Aggregates, Asbestos, Barite, Borates, Bromine

  2. Commodities outline • Introduction (definition) • Uses (properties) • Production • Geologic descriptions and distribution • Processing, marketing

  3. Sources of information • SME Industrial Minerals Handbook • SME abstracts, preprints, publications • USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries • USGS Fact Sheets • USGS publications • Company reports • Industrial Minerals Forum • WEB

  4. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2012/mcs2012.pdf

  5. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2012/mcs2012.pdf

  6. Mineral Identification

  7. Properties of minerals • Habit (Crystal forms and shapes) • Hardness • Cleavage • Streak • Color • Luster • Transparency • Twinning • Fracture • Specific Gravity • Associated Minerals • Fluorescence • Magnetism • Odor • Feel • Taste • Solubility • Reaction to acids • Radioactive minerals • Meteoritic minerals

  8. ease or difficulty with which the mineral can be scratched • controlled by the strength of bonds between atoms Hardness

  9. Way the mineral breaks or fractures • one direction of weakness, or in other minerals, 2, 3, 4, or as many as 6 may be present • determine the angular relation between the resulting cleavage surfaces • perpendicular • acute • obtuse Cleavage

  10. Streak • color of a mineral when it is powdered • crushing and powdering a mineral eliminates some of the effects of impurities and structural flaws • Black - Graphite • Black - Pyrite • Black - Magnetite • Black - Chalcopyrite • Gray - Galena • Limonite - Yellow-brown • Hematite - Red-brown

  11. way a mineral’s surface reflects light Luster • metallic • earthy • waxy • greasy • vitreous (glassy) • adamantine (or brilliant, as in a faceted diamond) From:geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/minerals.htm

  12. Color From:geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/minerals.htm

  13. SOURCES FOR MINERAL IDENTIFICATION • http://un2sg4.unige.ch/athena/mineral/search.html • http://www.webmineral.com/

  14. Aggregates

  15. Introduction AGGREGATE SAND GRAVEL Hard materials Mixing with cementing Form concrete, mortar, asphalt Railroad ballast, Road base, Landscaping rock Granular material due to Rock disintegration Diameter range: 2 mm – 1/16 mm Unconsolidated, rounded rock fragments Boulders Cobbles Pebbles Granules

  16. Aggregates are an integral part of our roads, sidewalks, sewers, subway tunnels and airports, as well as our homes, offices, hospitals, schools and shopping centers. Aggregates are critical ingredients in a number of manufactured products such as glass, coated paper, paint and pharmaceuticals. Aggregates are also used in several manufacturing processes, including the making of steel, aluminium and plastic. Found in fertilizer, floor coverings, toothpaste

  17. Aggregates include • Crushed stone • Aggregates • Sand and gravel Most important indicator of construction activities and health of society

  18. Crushed Stone—introduction • 70% limestone and dolomite • 16%, granite • 7%, traprock • 7% other • sandstone and quartzite • miscellaneous stone • marble • calcareous marl • slate • shell • volcanic cinder and scoria

  19. 2. USES

  20. 2. USES • BUILDING CONSTRUCTION • Concrete Cast-in-place Precast Structure Cladding Elements • Others • Fill • Septic Fields • Construction related uses • ROAD BUILDING • Concrete • Bridges • Tunnels • Asphalt Pavement Mortar Plaster Treated and untreated road base materials Structural and nonstructural fill • All commercial activities including agriculture • Waste treatment facilities (waste water filtration) • Hydroelectric power systems • Coal-fired electric power plants

  21. Sand and gravel for construction Sand and gravel for industrial USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries 2012

  22. Crushed stone Dimension stone

  23. Geology Stream Deposits Alluvial Fans Dredge Tailings Origin Beach Deposits Older Geologic Formations

  24. 4. MINING & PROCESSING Dry-pit Operation Shovels Loaders Draglines Trucks Wet-pit Operation Floating Dredge Dragline

  25. 4. MINING & PROCESSING • Conventional earth-moving equipment • b) Groundwater is removed from wet gravel pits • c) Wet mining techniques (dredging)

  26. 4. MINING & PROCESSING

  27. http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/NAE%20aggregates%20Internet%20NRC%20with%20USGS%20sheet/load%20haul%20trucks.htmhttp://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/NAE%20aggregates%20Internet%20NRC%20with%20USGS%20sheet/load%20haul%20trucks.htm

  28. http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/NAE%20aggregates%20Internet%20NRC%20with%20USGS%20sheet/miningbench.htmhttp://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/NAE%20aggregates%20Internet%20NRC%20with%20USGS%20sheet/miningbench.htm

  29. http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/NAE%20aggregates%20Internet%20NRC%20with%20USGS%20sheet/drilling.htmhttp://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/NAE%20aggregates%20Internet%20NRC%20with%20USGS%20sheet/drilling.htm

  30. Houses made of adobe bricks are still popular in urban areas.

  31. Substitutes • Crushed Stone • Lightweight Aggregate manufactured by sintering • Pumice • Expanded Perlite • Expanded Vermiculate • Iron blast Furnace Slag

  32. Environmental Issues • Diesel fumes • Fugitive dust • Increased traffic • Increased air pollution • Increased use of ground water • Subsidence

  33. Where is the nearest sand and gravel pit to NM Tech?

  34. Asbestos

  35. Asbestos—Introduction • six fibrous minerals

  36. USGS Facts Sheet on Asbestos

  37. Asbestiform The physical form or appearance of minerals that consists of long, thin and sometimes flexible fibers or needle-like structures.

  38. Chain Silicate A class of silicate minerals that form in structural chains. In some of these minerals the chains can separate easily along parallel crystallographic planes and can form fibrous or needle-like structures. Amphiboles and pyroxenes are members of the chain silicate family.

  39. Sheet Silicate A class of silicate minerals that form in structural sheets and often break easily along one crystallographic plane so as to form extremely thin flat plates. Members of this mineral group include micas, clays, and serpentines.

  40. Asbestos—Properties • Color—olive green, yellow or golden, brown, or black • fibrous • Hardness 3 - 4.5 • Specific Gravity 2.2 - 2.6 • silky feel • greasy, waxy or silky luster

  41. Asbestos—Properties • Fibrous (aspect ratio 50:1) • high tensile strength • chemical and thermal stability • high flexibility • low electrical conductivity • large surface area • can be woven

  42. Virta, 2002 (USGS OF-02-149)

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