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Group A

Blood Physiology Lecture #6 Blood Groups & Blood Transfusion Professor A.M.A Abdel Gader MD, PhD, FRCP (Lond., Edin), FRSH (London) Professor of Physiology , College of Medicine & King Khalid University Hospital King Saud University Riyadh. Group B. Group A. B. A. A. Group A B. Group O.

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Group A

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  1. Blood PhysiologyLecture #6Blood Groups & Blood TransfusionProfessor A.M.A Abdel GaderMD, PhD, FRCP (Lond., Edin), FRSH (London)Professor of Physiology, College of Medicine & King Khalid University HospitalKing Saud UniversityRiyadh

  2. Group B Group A B A A Group A B Group O B

  3. BLOOD GROUPS Determined by: Antigens (glycoprotein) on the surface RBC The chief blood groups are: Clinically most significant • A-B-O System • Rh (Rhesus) System

  4. The ABO system: • Depends on whether the red cells contain one, both or neither of the two blood antigens: A and B. • Four main ABO groups: A, B, AB, O

  5. The ABO Blood groups

  6. The ABO system- cont. • Anti-A & Anti-B are: naturally occurring antibodies. • Not present at birth, appear 2-8/12 • Triggered by A & B antigens in food and bacteria

  7. Inheritance of blood groups Blood group Genotypes A AA, AO B BB, BO O OO AB AB Uses of genotypes: • Sorting disputes in paternal dispute • Frequency of ABO has ethnicvariation

  8. Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group Determined by: • Presence or absence of the Rhesus antigen (D) on the surface of RBC: • Presence of D (individual is Rh+ve) • Absence of D ( ‘ ‘ ‘ Rh–ve) • Rhesus antigens: Dd, Cc, Ee Clinically most important isD

  9. Rhesus (Rh) Blood Group Anti-D antibody (agglutinin): -Is not naturally-occurring -Can be acquired by: i-Transfusion of Rh-ve individual with Rh+ve blood ii-Rh-ve pregnancy with Rh+ve faetus.

  10. Importance of blood groups • Blood Transfusion. • Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus

  11. Blood Transfusion

  12. Agglutination in transfusion reaction • If a patient of blood group A transfused with blood of group B • The anti-B in plasma will agglutinate the transfused group B cells: Outcome: • The clumped cells plug small blood vessels (kidney shut down) • Sometimes immediate hemolysis

  13. Blood tests before transfusion • Blood group type of patient (recipient) 2. Cross-matching

  14. Blood tests before transfusion • Blood group type of patient (recipient) • Look for agglutination A drop of patient RBC Anti-A Anti-B Anti-D

  15. Blood tests before transfusion

  16. Blood tests before transfusion 2. Cross-matching: donor cells + recipients (patient) serum

  17. Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus

  18. Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus • Mother Rh-ve first Rh+ve baby: • At delivery • Fetal Rh+ RBC cross to maternal blood • The mother will develop Anti-D after delivery. • First child escapes & is safe (If the mother is transfused with Rh+ve blood before, first child will be affected)

  19. Rh incompatibilty between mother and fetus-cont. • Second fetus • If Rh+ve • Anti-D crosses placenta and destroys fetal Rh+ RBC • Outcome? Hemolytic Disease of the newborn

  20. Hemolytic Disease of the newborn • Hemolytic anemia: • If severe: treated with exchange transfusion: Replace baby blood with Rh-ve RBC (several times) 2. Hydrobs fetalis (death in utero)

  21. Hemolytic Disease of the newborn-cont. Prevention: • Injecting the mother withanti-D immediately after 1st childbirth • Antenatal (during pregnancY) prophylaxis

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