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Advanced Breeding Techniques in Livestock: AI, ET, and Natural Service Approaches

The livestock industry utilizes various breeding techniques to enhance reproductive efficiency. Natural service allows males to roam freely with females, while hand mating involves bringing females to males. Artificial insemination (AI) entails manually inserting semen into females, and embryo transfer (ET) relocates fertilized embryos between females. Superovulation produces multiple eggs, influenced by hormones like FSH. Most U.S. dairy calves result from AI or ET; however, only a small percentage of beef calves utilize these methods. Understanding semen quality, fertility cycles, and pregnancy testing are vital for optimizing breeding practices.

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Advanced Breeding Techniques in Livestock: AI, ET, and Natural Service Approaches

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  1. Natural Service • Pasture mating • Male is allowed to roam freely with the females • Hand mating • Female is brought to the male for service

  2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Semen from a male animal is manually inserted into a female animal

  3. Embryo Transfer (ET) • Breeding technique where embryos from one female are collected and transferred into the reproductive tract of the other females • Superovulation • Production of multiple eggs during a single ovulation and is induced with the FSH and prostaglandin

  4. Embryo Flushing and Recovery Procedure

  5. The Livestock Industry • Nearly three-fourths of all calves born in U.S. dairy herds are conceived through AI or ET • Only 5% of beef calves are produced through AI or ET • Most AI is done in-house with fresh semen for the swine industry • Until recently AI was not a viable option for sheep producers. Now a new spiral catheter is used to inseminate • Over 90% of commercial turkeys are produced using AI

  6. Semen Quality • Cryopreservation • technique for freezing semen • Motility • sperm’s ability to move independently • Morphology • size and shape of the sperm

  7. Cow Estrous Cycle

  8. Sow Estrous Cycle

  9. Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) • Producers who understand EPDs will be able to choose genetically superior animals, which will help predict the offspring’s desired qualities • Used to compare individual animals to other individuals of the same breed, as well as to the breed average

  10. Pregnancy Testing Methods • Rectal Palpation • gloved hand is inserted into the rectum to palpate the uterus through the rectum wall • Rectal Doppler Technique • probe that is inserted into the rectum and measures the heartbeat of the fetus or fetuses

  11. Fetal Sizesby age in days

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