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Chapter 28 Islamic Empires

Chapter 28 Islamic Empires. Ottoman, Safavid & Mughal. So called “Gunpowder Empires”. All 3 empires are nomadic Turkish from the steppes of central Asia Retain tradition but adapt to city based agricultural societies they conquered Ottoman conquer Anatolia, Safavid - Persia and Mughal India

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Chapter 28 Islamic Empires

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  1. Chapter 28 Islamic Empires Ottoman, Safavid & Mughal

  2. So called “Gunpowder Empires” • All 3 empires are nomadic Turkish from the steppes of central Asia • Retain tradition but adapt to city based agricultural societies they conquered • Ottoman conquer Anatolia, Safavid - Persia and Mughal India • All 3 Islam • Height = 16th & early 17th century • Mid 17th century cease to expand (their man source of wealth) also waste money on war & lack of investment in infrastructure

  3. Problems of multi-ethnic empires • When conservative Muslim leaders want to impose strict Islam they faced resentment from minority populations

  4. Ottoman Empire 1289-1923 • Osman and his followers were Sunni Muslims and ghazi, or religious warriors • Expand from base at Edirne expand into Balkans • Plunder and land grants finance their regime (like Daimyo and knights)

  5. Devshirme • Orthodox Christian Balkan boys taken as slaves & converted to Islam • From there they either enter bureaucracy or the military as Janissaries

  6. Under Mehmet II • Tightly centralized absolute monarchy governed from Istanbul (after Byzantine Empire is defeated in 1453) • Conquers Serbia, Greece, Albania & Genoese ports in Crimea. • Long naval war with Venice

  7. Under Suleyman “the lawgiver” 1512 - 20 • Get to gates of Vienna v Habsburg • Inherit Mamluk navy • Challenge Portugese in Red Sea & Indian Ocean*

  8. Safavid • Shah Ismail’s (1501-24) “qizilbash warriors” Twelver Shiism which they force on Sunni population • Produce hatred among Ottoman Sunnis who fear the spread of the Twelvers. • In turn, Ottoman ruler, Selim the Grim persecutes Shiites in Ottoman Empire

  9. Ottomans defeat Sunnis at Chaldiran in 1514 • Shah Abbas the Great revives the Safavid 1588-1624 • He seeks European help v Ottoman

  10. Mughal Empire • Babur no religious pretense like the other empires - conquers Delhi in 1526 • His grandson was Akbar 1556-1605 dictator destroys Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar. • Religiously tolerant encourages syncretic Islam - Hindu faith (Sikh)

  11. Mughals reach height under Aurangzeb • He’s a devout Muslim and sacks Hindu temples • Head tax on Hindus (like Caliphate)

  12. All 3 empires were military creations • Empires seen as personal property of rulers by right of conflict reflecting steppe traditions • Bloody succession struggles (based on charismatic leader) • Women are important in fact if not tradition (Chinggis Kahn’s wife and mother)

  13. Agriculture and Trade • Agriculture used to finance armies & bureaucracy • Usually wheat & rice • Columbian Exchange had less of a dramatic effect (except tobacco & coffee) than in China for instance

  14. Demography • India 105M - 1500>>135M -1600; 165 M - 1700; 190M - 1800 • Ottoman increase (-28M 1500-1600 mainly from conquest

  15. Active Participation in global trade • Ottomans give trading concessions to England & France. • Safavids - English E. India Co., French E India Co. get concessions • Mughals concentrate on internal trade and its land (not naval) empire. Allow Portugese, English, French & Dutch trading station

  16. Mughals • Non Muslims protected people dhimmi pay jizya handle own legal affairs. • Toleration not popular among conservative Muslims Arangzeb ends toleration

  17. All 3 Empires • Emphasize emperor’s prestige via public works and the patronage of scholars • Many splendid architectural wonders - Taj Mahal, Topkapi Palace and Hagia Sofia in Istanbul

  18. Transition • Safavid disappear; Mughals - by 1750 British rule India; and, 1700 O.Empire lose control of Lebanon & Egypt

  19. Reasons for downfall • Incompetent rulers (as China) • Infighting in royal houses promoting mutinies and provincial revolts • Religious tensions caused by conservative Muslims including Wahhabi Movement (now in Saudi Arabia) call Ottoman dangerous innovators. Gets rulers to pull plug on printing press and astronomy

  20. Causes of Downfall • Loss of foreign trade to Europeans • High cost of military & bureaucracy • Once military expansion slows they raise money by upping taxes, selling public offices and bribes • Content to allow European penetration without projecting their products as exports

  21. Causes of Downfall • No native armaments guns/cannons they have grow obsolete • Conservative ethos - few Muslims travel to infidel lands of the Franks • Feel W. European innovations are impious and unneeded • Like Ming, Qing & Tokagawa resist introduction of cultural, scientific and philosophic influences from W. Europe

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