IR 203 Current issues in international relations (7)

1. IR 203 Current issues in international relations (7) • Bezen Balamir Coskun • office: 417 • bezencoskun@zirve.edu.tr • bezenbalamir@gmail.com

2. What do you remember of last week’s lecture?

3. 9/11 and after • War between a radicalized islam and the modern West • Post-Cold war era came to an end • War on terror after 9/11 - Afghanistan, Axis of evil: Iran, Iraq, north Korea

4. 9/11 and after • Either with the US or against it, no other way in the war on terror • Target IRAQ • notion of enemies, concept of interests • Results: 1) alienate Muslims 2) International opinion turned against the US 3) trapped into the Middle east • world as a less stable place • an intense debate as to whether the US was in the process of becoming a new kind of empire

5. 9/11 and after • 11 September 2001 marked the end of the post-Cold War era • Two key factors shaping world politics since 9/11: Islamic terrorism and the US-led war on terror • US foreign policy has come under attack after it decided to go war against Iraq • The world is now a less stable place than it was before 9/11

6. Terrorism What is it? Where does it come from? Why is it used? Explain it on a specific case ie. PKK, al-Qaeda or How can we prevent it? What do we fear about Terrorism?

8. Terrorism • Is an unlawful act of violence • Intimidates governments or societies • Goal is to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives

9. Early History of Terrorism • Terror has been used to achieve political ends and has a long history • As early as 66 – 72 A.D. Resistance to Roman occupation, terrorists killed Roman soldiers and destroyed Roman property. • Terror was used to resist occupation.

10. Early History of Terrorism • Suicidal martyrdomrepresented being killed by invaders which resulted in rewards in heaven. It dates back thousands of years in most societies and religions. • Terrorism against the enemy is often viewed as a religious act.

11. Modern History of Terrorism • The term “terrorism” was coined in the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794) • This was the birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism • The line between terrorism and political violence is often blurred • Goal: of State terrorism was to eliminate opposition, consolidate power, e.g., the Vanished in Argentina Arthur H. Garrison

12. Modern History of Terrorism • Middle 20th century, terrorism became a tool used by both sides of colonial conflicts. • The last 20 years of of the 20th century religious based terrorism became more and more frequent. • Another format is economic terrorism, which destructs industry and agriculture system.

13. Modern History of Terrorism • Terrorism is Asymmetric Warfare. • Asymmetric warfare is the use of apparently random/unpredictable violence by an weak military against a stronger military to gain advantage. (Allen, 1997). • The key of Asymmetric warfare is using unexpected, unconventional tactics in combat (Craig, 1998). Arthur H. Garrison

14. Terrorism in brief • Terrorism is an ancient tactic. • Terrorism is a mode of communication. • Terrorism is a special type of violence and Asymmetrical warfare. • Terrorism is used in times of peace, conflicts and war. • Terrorism is designed to make a point, through psychological means, fear. • Terrorism is a political act. Arthur H. Garrison

15. Terrorism in brief • Terrorism is different from regular crime because of its strong political properties • The definition of terrorism can vary from people to people due to the differences in standpoint • One person’s terrorist can be another’s fighter

16. Prevention of Terrorism • Understand the differences in cultures, religions, beliefs and human behaviors • Think of the peace, freedom and equality of all human beings, not just “my group of people” • Eliminate the root of terrorism

17. Prevention of Terrorism • Establish surveillance and monitoring system on terrorism attack • Improve protective system for citizens • Early detection of the sources • Prevent the extension of impairments • Rescue the survivors • Console the rest of the population

18. Types of Terrorism • Domestic terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of government without foreign involvement. • International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the country. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism. the Center for National Security Studies

19. Methods of Terrorism • Firearms • Explosive and Incendiary Devices • Chemical Agents • Biological Agents • Nuclear Weapon

20. Proportion of death from terrorism in total death in the United States

21. Death Rate of Various Causes in 2000 USA and that from Terrorism

22. Why did terrorism draw considerable attention in 2001? • The risk of dying from terrorism was extremely low in 1990’s, and was still relatively low compared with some diseases in 2001 • But the death rate increased by 500 times in 2001 due to Sept. 11 • Overall the death rate of terrorism has not been high • Despite the low risk, shock, surprise and fear engulfed the United States and world

23. Conclusion • Terrorism is unlawful act • Terrorism has a long history of being used to achieve political, religious and ideological objectives • Terrorism can be conducted through firearms, explosive devices and biological, chemical, nuclear materials • Even through the events of 200, the risk of dying from terrorism has remained much lower than that from motor vehicles, smoking, and alcoholic beverage.