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Operant Conditioning

Explore the fundamental principles of operant conditioning, including reinforcement, punishment, and their real-life examples. Understand concepts like shaping, extinction, and scheduling in behavior modification techniques.

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Operant Conditioning

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  1. Operant Conditioning • An ‘operant’ is a spontaneous behavior that affects the environment so as to produce a consequence (reinforcing or punishing). • Reinforcement: Increases the behavior (in the future). • Punishment: Decreases the behavior (in the future).

  2. Reinforcement and Punishment Example

  3. The Situation: A child reaches out and grabs a candy bar. The father takes it away. The child cries and has a temper tantrum. The father buys the candy. The child stops crying.

  4. Choose from the following: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, aversive punishment, response cost (punishment). The child’s grabbing the candy was ______ by the father taking the candy away? The father’s taking the candy away has been _____ by the child’s crying and tantrum? The child’s crying and tantrum was _____ by the father’s buying of the candy? The father’s buying the candy was ______ by the child’s stopping the crying and tantrum?

  5. Important Concepts • Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement. • Shaping: reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response.

  6. Also in Operant Conditioning: • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Generalization • Discrimination

  7. Partial Reinforcement • Fixed-Ratio Schedule • Variable-Ratio Schedule • Fixed-Interval Schedule • Variable-Interval Schedule

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