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Flower morphology

Flower morphology. “Complete” FLOWER. Carpel. Complete flower (hermaphrodite). Flower diagram. Calyx (K). Corolla (C). Androecium (A). Gynoecium (G). Bracts. Definition --In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf. Example: Euphorbia pulcherrima.

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Flower morphology

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  1. Flower morphology

  2. “Complete” FLOWER Carpel

  3. Complete flower (hermaphrodite) Flower diagram Calyx (K) Corolla (C) Androecium (A) Gynoecium (G)

  4. Bracts • Definition --In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf. • Example: Euphorbia pulcherrima

  5. Flowers without a calyx and corolla differentiated Perianth elements in this case are called tepals Petaloid tepals Sepaloid tepals

  6. Fabaceae flower The calyx (K): Totality of sepals in the flower. Calyx with connate (united) sepals: Calyx lobes Calyx tube Gamosepalous Silene spp.

  7. Calyx with free sepals Stellaria media -chickweed Rosa spp. Aposepalous Oenotheraspp.

  8. در برخی گیاهان با شکفته شدن گل کاسبرگ ها می افتد: خشخاش و شاه تره

  9. عروسک پشت پرده Physalis

  10. مهمیز

  11. The corolla (C): Totality of petals in the flower Corolla with free petals Papaver spp. Ranunculus spp. Polypetalous or Apopetalous

  12. Corolla with connate (united) petals Corolla tube Corolla lobes Digitalis spp. Campanula spp. Sympetalous or Gamopetalous

  13. Types of corolla with connate petals Bell-shaped Campanula spp Funnelform Petunia spp. Salveform Syringa vulgaris Ligulate Helinthus spp. Tubular Helianthus spp.

  14. Types of corolla with connate petals (continuation) Rotate – Solanum spp. bilabiate Lamium spp. Urceolate Vaccinium spp.

  15. Types of corolla with free petals Papillonaceaous – Fabaceae (legume family)

  16. Stamens

  17. Stamen Arrangements Magnolias have dozens of stamens Some have free stamens and others are fused at filaments

  18. ماگنولیا • Some flowering plants are neither monocots or dicots. • Magnolia

  19. Orchids

  20. Stamens continue • In some specialized flowers the stamens are fused together. • Form columnar structure i.e pea, melon and mallow fig 20-8d and sunflower 20-9d • Some stamens fused with corolla i.e. snapdragon, phlox, and mint families.

  21. Androecium (A): Totality of stamens in the flower [♂] Tetradynamous Cabbage family Brassicaceae Didynamous Mint family (Lamiaceae) “normal”

  22. Diadelphous: many Fabaceae Monadelphous Malvaceae

  23. Polyadelphous چند دسته پرچمی Diadelphousدو دسته پرچمی Monadelphous یک دسته پرچمی Syngenesious پیوسته بساک

  24. Flower Anatomy

  25. Double Fertilization • Fertilization requires that pollen grains from anther to receptive stigma of a pistil • Embryo sac forms with a stalk and 1 or 2 integuments that develop into seed coat • Pollen reaches stigma and germinates to make pollen tube down style into the ovary • pollen that forms the pollen tube is the tube cell • 2nd cell in pollen grain is the generative cell as it divides and makes 2 sperm – move to a small opening in ovule called micropyle

  26. The female parts of a flower • The female part of the flower is made up of three main sections, the stigma, style and ovary. The receptive stigma serves as the “landing pad” for the male pollen. The style holds up the stigma and the ovary is the “house” for fertilisation and the seed. Together they are known as the Carpel Stigma Style Carpel Ovary

  27. Apocarpous versus syncarpousgynoecium جدا برچه پیوسته برچه

  28. Apocarpus [with free carpels] carpels Syncarpous [with connate carpels] تخمدان چندخانه ای Polylocular

  29. تخمدان یک خانه ای تخمدان چندخانه ای Polylocular

  30. Gynoecium (G): totality of carpels in the flower [♀] Depending on the position of the ovary in relation to the calyx and corolla: hypanthium گل زبرین Epigynous گل میانی Perigynous گل زیرین Hypogynous superior ovary Inferior ovary

  31. Ovary position inferior hypanthium superior

  32. Male (staminate) & Female (pistillate) flowers(incomplete) Staminate (male) flowers (cucumber) Pistillate (female) flowers (cucumber)

  33. Types of plants with unisexual flowers Dioecious: male and female flowers are separated on different individuals; e.g. Cannabis spp. Monoecious: male and female flowers are found on the same individual; e.g. Pinus spp.

  34. Flower symmetry Zygomorphic .|. (bilateral) Actinomorphic (radial) *

  35. Define the symmetry of these flowers * Convolvulus spp. .|. Lamium spp

  36. Variation in Basic Parts • Some flowers lack sepals, petals, stamens or pistils • Grasses have 3 stamens, 1 functional carpel (may have 2 non-functioning ones), no petals or sepals • Others have either stamens or carpels but not both

  37. Floral Diagram Symbols I

  38. Floral Diagram Symbols II

  39. Sample floral diagrams

  40. General Flower-terms Peduncle: The stalk of a flower. Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached. Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose the flower. Totality of sepals in a flower constitute the calyx.Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored. The totality of petals in a flower constitute the corolla. Perianth = calyx + corolla When the Sepals & Petals are identical, they are both called Tepals Androecium (male part): thetotality of stamens in a flower. A stamen is formed from anther, which is supported by a slender filament. Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced. Gynoecium (female part): totality of carpels in a flower. A carpel is formed from: ovary, style and stigma. The term Pistil has been used in the past to describe the gynoecium and this can cause some confusion in terminology Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the carpels where ovules are produced. Stile: the part supporting thestigma. Stigma: The part where where pollen germinates. Monoecious: Male and female flowers on the same individual. Dioecious: Male and female flowers are separated on different individuals, which are therefore, male and female.

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