Chapter 2: Socialization

1. Chapter 2: Socialization Perspectives on Socialization Agents of Child Socialization Processes of Socialization Outcomes of Socialization Adult Socialization

2. What is Socialization? • Process: • Learning a culture • Becoming effective member of society • Being “human”

3. What do we learn? • Skills • Knowledge • Values • Motives • Roles

4. 9/4 Consequences of Socialization • Establishes self-concepts • Creates capacity for role taking • Creates tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways • Makes people bearers of culture

5. Clyde Kluckholm: Anthropologist • “Every man is in certain respects: • Like all other men- • Like some other men- • Like no other man.”

6. Perspectives on Socialization • The Developmental Perspective • Dependent on Physical & Psychological Development • Examples: • “Potty Training” • Walking • Speaking • Feeding self

7. The Social Learning Perspective • Cognitive & behavioral skills • Language • Shared meanings • Imitation • Acquiring behavior • Performing behavior

8. 9/6 Social Learning Perspective • Children see, children do • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_s9pG5CWXM&feature=related • Learning by observation: 4 processes • Attention • Retention • Production • Motivation

9. Social Learning Perspective • Bobo doll experiment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU • Reciprocal determinism between: • Cognitive abilities • Person’s behavior • Environment • “The world and people’s behavior cause each other.” Bandura

10. The Interpretive Perspective: Symbolic Interaction Theory • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52ATteMIXzI&feature=related • He’s Just Not that Into You • Cognitive Processes • Thinking • Reasoning • Social interaction • Societal meanings • Interpretive reproduction (routines) • Development of self

11. The Impact of Social Structure • Sequence of roles • Age-linked roles • Predictable transition times • Certain persons or organizations responsible

12. Socialization as Social Control

13. Components of Socialization • Socialization has four necessary components: • An agent– someone serves as source for what is being learned • A learning process • A target– person being socialized • An outcome- something that is being learned

14. Agents of Childhood Socialization • Four of the Agents: 1. Family 2. Peers 3. School 4. Mass media

15. Processes of Socialization • 1) Instrumental Conditioning • Big Bang Theory video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63ysqT5nu0&feature=related • Shaping • Punishment • Extrinsically motivated • Depends on others

16. Shaping Punishment

17. Extrinsic Motivation

18. Punishment • Definition:The presentation of painful or discomforting stimulus that decreases probability that a behavior will occur. • Widely used in the United States. • Our culture is tolerant of or encourages its use. • Major child rearing practice used by parents. • Research—Punishment is effective in some circumstances but not in others.

19. Instrumental Conditioning • Intrinsically motivated • Self-reinforcement • Internalizing standards-judging • Self-efficacy

20. Intrinsic motivationSelf-reinforcement

21. Internalizing Standards-judging Self-efficacy

22. Processes of Socialization • 2) Observational Learning (Modeling) • Observe another person’s behavior & its consequences • Efficient • Characteristics of the model • High-Status • Nurturing

23. Processes of Socialization • 3) Internalization • Externally imposed behavioral standards • Become internal • Self-control

24. Outcomes of Socialization • Gender Roles • Linguistic & Cognitive Competence • Moral Development • Work Orientations

25. Adult Socialization • Role Acquisition • Anticipatory Socialization • Role Discontinuity