Chapter 13 Bones and muscles

1. Chapter 13Bones and muscles

2. Organ Systems and Homeostasis • Levels of organization in human body: • 1. Cells • 2. Tissues • 3. Organs • 4. Organ Systems • http://www.ck12.org/book/Biology/r2/section/21.1/

3. Tissues • Four basic types: • 1. Muscles Tissue – Can contract 2. Nervous Tissue- Carry electrical impulses and messages 3. Connective Tissue – Connects body parts (ex. Bone and fat) 4. Epithelial Tissue – Covers surfaces of body in and out

4. Organ Systems • We have 11 organ systems These provide structure and allow movement: • Integumentary System- skin, nails, hair • *Creates a barrier against injury and disease • *Regulates body temperature • *Keeps cells from drying out. • *Helps to remove waste • *Helps to provide info about the environment.

5. Organ Systems

6. Organ systems Cont. 2. The Skeletal System *Made of bones and other connective tissues *Supports body and gives it structure *Can produce blood and store minerals.

7. Organ systems

8. Organ systems Cont. 3. The Muscular System *Skeletal muscles connect to bones and help body to move *Involuntary muscles control organs you do not think about

9. Organ systems

10. Organ systems Cont. These organ systems carry out the process of life. • Circulatory System • * Serves as transportation network • *Carries food and oxygen to all cells • *Helps to collect and remove waste

11. Organ systems

12. Organ systems Cont. 2. Respiratory System *Helps to take in oxygen and remove co2 3. Digestive System *Helps to break down food and absorb it into the body.

13. Organ system

14. Organ systems

15. Organ systems Cont. 4. The Excretory System *Assists in removing cellular waste from the blood system.

16. Organ systems

17. Organ systems Cont. 5. The Immune System *Protects body from bacteria and viruses also called pathogens. *Uses white blood cells to engulf pathogens *Helps to create antibodies – proteins that destroy pathogens *Helps body create an immunity to a disease

18. Organ systems

19. Organ systems Cont. 6. The Reproductive System *Contains organs that produce sex cells *Sex cells carry info for new life form in DNA *These organs produce chemicals that regulate the physical development of our bodies

20. Organ systems Cont. These organ systems provide control over body processes. • The Nervous System *Includes brain, spinal chord and nerve cells *Helps sense the outer world *Helps to respond to the environment

21. Organ systems

22. Organ systems Cont. 2. The Endocrine System *Helps to regulate the activities of the organs and organ systems by releasing hormones *Hormones are chemicals that change the activity in our cells *This system is a collection of glands that make the chemicals

23. Organ Systems cont.

24. Homeostasis Homeostasis - the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment. Ex. Your body maintaining its temp. at 98.6 degrees F. Ex. You sweat to cool down and shiver to warm up. Stress – Reaction of body to potentially threatening events. *Body releases adrenaline to kick start activity and then homeostasis is reaches shortly after event.

25. Skeletal System

26. Skeletal System • Number of bones depends on age. 275 as newborn/ 206 as adult. • Has 5 major functions: • 1. Provides shape and support • 2. Enables you to move • 3. Protects your organs • 4. Produces blood cells • 5. Stores minerals and other materials

27. Skeletal System • Vertebrae- Your backbone. Made of many tinier bones which allows flexibility. Most bones connected to it in some way.

28. Skeletal System • Muscles connected to it via ligaments. • Joint – Place where two bones come together. Two types: • 1. Immovable Joints- little or no movement. Ex. Skull • 2. Movable Joints – Held together by ligamets. Cartilage- a connective tissue that covers the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing against each other.

29. Skeletal System

30. Skeletal System Bones are more than meets the eye! They are complex living structures that undergo growth and development. Layers of bone: 1. Hard outer membrane 2. Compact bone – hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run through carrying blood vessels.

31. Skeletal System 3. Spongy bone – has many spall spaces in it like a sponge. Makes bone lightweight but strong. 4. Marrow – soft connective tissue between the spaces of the bone. Two types: Red bone marrow – produces most of body’s blood. Yellow bone marrow – Stores fat and acts as an energy reserve.

32. Skeletal system

33. Skeletal system Fast Facts • Bones can absorb more force without breaking than concrete or granite. • Bones are alive, made of cells, and can repair themselves. • You are born with mostly cartilage that later turns into hard bone tissue. • You must eat foods with calcium and phosphorus to keep your bones strong and healthy.

34. Muscular System

35. Muscular system Types of Muscles • Involuntary muscles –responsible for essential activities such as moving food along digestive tract, breathing, heart beat. • Voluntary muscles – These are under our conscious control.

36. Muscular system Three Types of Muscle Tissue • Skeletal Muscle – attached to bones and provides force to help you move. Tendon – attached to end of skeletal muscle and bone. Striated Muscle – skeletal muscle often called this because it is banded.

37. Muscular system

38. Muscular sytem Skeletal Muscle Fast Facts • They can react very quickly. • They also tire very quickly. • Many mitochondria in cells for fast action.

39. Muscular system 2. Smooth Muscle – found in many internal organs such as stomach, blood vessels, etc. *Automatically control those internal organs. *Unlike skeletal muscle, not striated. *They react more slowly and tire more slowly.

40. Muscular system

41. Muscular system 3. Cardiac Muscle – found only in heart. *Has characteristics in common with both smooth and skeletal muscle. *Like smooth – involuntary. *Like skeletal – cells are striated, but they do not tire.

42. Muscular system Muscles at Work • Muscles must work in pairs! *Since muscles can only contract, they must be paired up to move a bone. While one contracts, the other one relaxes.

43. Muscular system 2. Muscles need regular exercise! *Exercise makes individual muscle cells grow. *Overworked muscles can create muscle strain or tendons can be partially torn. *Overworked muscles can also cramp and the entire muscles stays contracted. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTqIIoVwvN0

44. Machines and the body • Joints in the body can be compared to structures used in machines and simple devices.

45. Machines and the body • Levers help our bodies and machines have more mechanical advantage.

46. Machines and the body • To understand how parts of boy act like machines it’s important to know two concepts: force and work. Force and W

47. Machines and the body Force and Work Force – a push or pull on an object. Described by its strength and the direction in which it acts. *The standard unit for the magnitude of a force is the newton (N). *An arrow can represent the direction and the strength of a force. Arrow points in the direction of the force. The longer the arrow, the greater the force’s strength.

48. Machines and the body Work – Work is when you exert a force on an object that caused the object to move some distance in the same direction of the force. Work = Force x Distance Ex. You try to life a plant that weights 50 newtons by a sistance of 3 feet. 50x3= 150 netwon-meters of work. *If object weights more than the amount of force you can exert then you will need a machine. Machine – Device that allows you to work in a way that is easier.

49. Machines and the body How many pounds (lbs.) per Newton? 1 pound-force = 4.44822162 newtons

50. Machines and the body Levers Lever – a rigid rod that is free to rotate around a fixed pivot point. Fulcrum – The fixed point that a lever rotates around.