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Unification

Unification. Italy & Germany. Italian Unification. North: Austria ruled Venetia and Lombardy and dominated Tuscany, Modena, Parma & Lucca South: Spain ruled Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Sardinia: strongest Italian state and run by an Italian dynasty.

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Unification

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  1. Unification Italy & Germany

  2. Italian Unification • North: Austria ruled Venetia and Lombardy and dominated Tuscany, Modena, Parma & Lucca • South: Spain ruled Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Kingdom of Sardinia: strongest Italian state and run by an Italian dynasty.

  3. Factors Favoring Italian Unification • Common culture, history, traditions, language (though diff. dialects) • Common Religion: Roman Catholic • Dislike for Austria who prevented earlier attempt to unite

  4. Roadblocks to Italian Unification • Opposition by state rulers who were backed by Austria, so wanted Austria to remain powerful • Pope feared losing power over Papal States • Disagreement over type of government once united: democratic republic (favored by Mazzini), constitutional monarchy (favored by Cavour), confederation under Pope • Foreign Opposition: • Austria would lose territory and influence • France feared a powerful neighbor

  5. Wars to Win Italian Unification • Austro-Sardinian Wars (1859): Napoleon III helped b/c of promise of Nice and Savoy, and Sardinia got Lombardy • Conquest of 2 Sicilies by Garibaldi (1861): Kingdom of Italy declared, but Rome not capital because in hands of Pope & protected by French troops • Austro-Prussian War (1866): Italy allied with Prussia and gained Venetia • Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): French troops removed from Italy to fight Germany, Rome now capital • World War I (1914-18): Italy claimed rest of land still under Austrian rule.

  6. Alliance with Napoleon III • Cavour saw Austria as the biggest roadblock to unification • Napoleon thought France could be strongest nation in Europe of Austria weakened • Secretly agreed for France to drive Austria out of N. Italy in return for Nice and Savoy

  7. Austro-Sardinian War 1859 • French-Sardinian Army defeat Austria • N. Italy hold revolts against Austria and demands to be ruled by Sardinia • Napoleon panics, not wanting a strong Italy • Cavour had kept good relations with rest of Europe, so Napoleon could not go to war with Sardinia • 1860 N. Italy is annexed by Sardinia

  8. Leaders in Italian Unification • Soul: Mazzini • Sword: Garibaldi • Brains: Cavour

  9. The Brain • Cavour– named prime minister to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia • He believes nationalism can only happen through smart diplomacy and well-chosen alliances

  10. The Soul • Mazzini had led first efforts of unification in 1840’s • Inspired city-states to unify

  11. The Sword • Garibaldi was leading a small group of nationalists in the south, with the financial support if Cavour • In 1860, he and his 1100 soldiers the “Red Shirts” won Sicily • In 1861, the Italian parliament met and named Victor Emmanuel II king of Italy

  12. Italy is Unified! • In 1866 Venetia joins Italy • In 1871, Pope finally allows Papal States, including Rome to become part of Italy. • Final Unification

  13. Realpolitik • German plan for government that meant: Calculating politics in which idealism played no part. • Utopian Socialism was its nemesis.

  14. Factors Favoring German Unification • Common language, history, culture, traditions • Industrial Revolution: Roads, railroads, growing trade united German states • Zollverein– customs union, NO tariffs within German Confederation EXCEPT Austria

  15. Roadblocks to German Unification • Opposition by state rulers who feared losing power • Religion: Protestant North, Catholic South • Jealousy & fear of Prussia; largest state • Rivalry between Austria and Prussia over control of smaller German states • Opposition from France who feared a powerful bordering neighbor

  16. Austria v. Prussia • 39 German states, including Austria and Prussia formed a confederation • Austria considered natural leader b/c former home of HRE • Prussia was more industrially developed • Prussia had strongest army in central Europe

  17. Wars of German Unification • Wars to win Unification • 1863 v. Denmark for territory; Schleswig- Holstein • 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Germans defeated Austria, and were very lenient in treaty, to keep Austria as ally in future war with France. • 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War. Only a war against a foreign enemy could unite Protestant North with Catholic South. Bismarck wanted Germany united! • 1914-18 World War I

  18. War with Denmark 1864 • Bismarck fights a quick war with Denmark to increase the feeling of nationalism and support for Prussia • Outcome: annex two small states, Schleswig and Holstein

  19. Austro-Prussian War 1866 • Bismarck’s cunning way managed to provoke Austria into declaring war against Prussia– important that Prussia not appear the aggressor • Due to Prussia’s superior industrialization, their RR moved troops to Austria faster than Austria could defend itself • Superior equipment from industrialization proved no match for Austria

  20. Results of War with Austria • Austria is humiliated • Lost some German lands to Prussia • Forced to withdraw from the German Confederation • Prussia now controlled all of North Germany • Austria becomes Austria-Hungary 1867

  21. Franco-Prussian War 1870 • Bismarck deliberately gave misleading stories to newspapers to provoke France into declaring war (Prussia the victim) • Purpose is to give N. German protestants and S. German Catholics a common enemy • France is defeated

  22. Results of Franco-Prussian War • Prussia humiliated France in the peace treaty (keep an eye on the karma after WWI) • During the war even Napoleon III had been captured and held prisoner • Forced to pay 5 billion francs • Took Alsace and Lorraine (France’s richest coal and iron deposits)

  23. Leaders of the German Unification • Three major players: • The Soul: Kaiser Wilhelm II • The Sword: von Moltke • The Brain: Bismarck

  24. The Brain & The Soul • 1862 King William I chose Bismarck as his prime minister. • Bismarck was a exceptionally skilled at realpolitik and wanted to unite Germany under Prussia. • Bismarck says unification can only by “Blood and Iron” (War and Industrialization)

  25. Germany is Unified! • January18, 1871--The Second Reich • Will be ruled under Kaiser William I • German industrialization quickly surpassed even Britain to become the second largest producer of manufactured goods (after U.S.)

  26. The Road to WWI has begun • France had total disdain for Germany and insists they will get Alsace and Lorraine back • There are 6 Great Powers in Europe • Most Powerful– Germany & Britain • Medium– France • Weak– Russia, Italy & Austria

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