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Walter Scott Waverley 1814 Seminar 2

Why is Waverley so important in the development of the English Novel . . .. The novel was a literary genre dominated by women by the second decade of the 19th Century. That had not always been so - in the early and middle eighteenth century male novelists were by far the more prominent. The major

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Walter Scott Waverley 1814 Seminar 2

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    1. Walter Scott Waverley (1814) Seminar 2

    2. Why is Waverley so important in the development of the English Novel . . . The novel was a literary genre dominated by women by the second decade of the 19th Century. That had not always been so - in the early and middle eighteenth century male novelists were by far the more prominent. The major mid-18th Century British novelists are: Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719 ), Moll Flanders (1722), Roxanna (1724). Henry Fielding, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742); The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). Samuel Richardson Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740); Clarissa (1747 - )Sir Charles Grandison ). Thomas Sterne, Tristram Shandy (1759-67). Tobias Smollett, The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748), The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771). Henry Mackenzie: The Man of Feeling (1771); The Man of the World (1773); Julia de Roubigné (1777).

    3. Despite Scott’s renunciation of existing novel forms in the Introductory chapter to Waverley, he was deeply influenced by these male novelists from the eighteenth century. Q. Is there anything significant about the dates of publication of many of their novels, especially with regard to Waverley . . . ?

    4. Scottish literature and public taste in the late 18th and early Centuries . . . James Macpherson - the Ossian poems

    6. Robert Burns (1759-1796) Influential poet, antiquarian ballad and song collector and original songwriter. From Ayrshire, Burns came from a rural yeoman farmer’s family. He remained a poet of the Scottish rural lowlands although he also wrote in standard English. Scott met Burns and admired him as one of his most formative influences. Burns’s poetry remained in touch with Scottish folklore and traditions. Poems such as ‘Tam O’Shanter’ revolve around belief in superstition. His songs are frequently ‘bawdy’ and are generally concerned with the lives and experiences of ordinary people. An influence on many Romantic writers. Has become a nationalist hero figure for Scots. Walter Scott’s popularity has declined due to his belief in the Union.

    7. Scott and History In 1707 Scotland entered into full union with England. The decision to do so was - and remains - controversial. In 1745 the last ‘civil war’ on British soil took place as the Jacobite armies attempted to restore Bonnie Prince Charlie to the British throne. The episode ended with the Battle of Culloden, following the retreat of the Jacobites after they had progressed as far south as Derby. Clan culture was suppressed by legal and socio-economic means and the Highland clearances ensued. Scott’s education in Edinburgh, both at school and at university, was profoundly influenced by the 18th Century Scottish Enlightenment approach to the development of human society. The dominant theory was that society developed through four stages: 1. Hunter-gatherer society. (Includes nomadic and warlord societies) 2. Pastoral society and settled farming. 3. Feudal society. 4. Civil society. (Modern society) Given this formative framework, it is hardly surprising that Scott was predominantly interested in periods of historical transition, and at a more particular level in their causes and their effects.

    8. Some bibliographical sources . . . Scottish Enlightenment and history: Period texts (these are available in many editions, some recently edited. They are also discussed in the modern texts listed below): Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Edinburgh, 1767. Millar, J. The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks. Edinburgh, 1771. Sinclair, John, ed. The Statistical Account of Scotland 1791-1799. Gen. eds. Donald J. Withrington and Ian R. Grant. 20 vols., facsimile of 1st edition, 1791-1799. East Ardsley: EP Publishing, 1978. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1776. Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. 1759. Steuart, James. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy: being an essay on the science of domestic policy in free nations, in which are particularly considered population, agriculture, trade, industry, money… 2 vols. London: A Millar and T. Cadell, 1767. Modern texts: Adams, Ian. The Making of Urban Scotland. London: Croom Helm, 1978. Berry, Christopher J. Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1997. Broadie, Alexander, ed. The Scottish Enlightenment, an Anthology. Edinburgh: Canongate, 1997. Devine, T. M. The Scottish Nation 1700-2000. London: Penguin, 1999. Mackie, J.D. A History of Scotland Scotland. Revised and ed. Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker. 2nd ed. London: Penguin, 1991 Smout, T.C. A History of the Scottish People 1560-1830. 1969. London: Fontana, 1998. Sorensen, Janet. The Grammar of Empire in Eighteenth-Century British Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

    9. Bibliographical sources continued . . . Literary Sources and relevant theoretical considerations: Some period texts: Herd, David. Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Heroic Ballads &c. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1776. Jamieson, Robert. Popular Ballads and Songs, from Tradition, Manuscripts, and Scarce Editions; with translations of similar pieces from the ancient Danish language. 2 vols. Edinburgh: 1806. Macpherson, James. The Poems of Ossian, and related works. Ed. Howard Gaskill. Intro. Fiona Stafford. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1996. Pennant, Thomas. Tours in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides, 1769 and 1772. 5th ed. 3 vols. London: Benjamin White, 1790. Wordsworth, Dorothy. Recollections of a Tour made in Scotland. Intro. and ed. Carol Walker. New Haven: Yale UP, 1997. Some modern texts: Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994. (ed.) Nation and Narration. London: Routledge, 1990. Butler, Marilyn. ‘Antiquarianism (Popular)’, Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture 1776-1832. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Romantics, Rebels & Reactionaries: English Literature and Its Background 1760-1830. Davis, Leith. Acts of Union. Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation 1707-1830. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998. Duncan, Ian. Modern Romance and Transformations of the Novel: the Gothic, Scott, Dickens. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992. Fielding, Penny. Writing and Orality: Nationality, Culture and Nineteenth-century Scottish fiction. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996. Kidd, Colin. Subverting Scotland's Past. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993 Lukács, Georg. The Historical Novel. Trans. Hanah and Stanley Mitchell. London: Merlin, 1962. Robertson, Fiona. Legitimate Histories: Scott, Gothic, and the Authorities of Fiction Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.

    10. Bibliographical sources continued . . . Sources on Walter Scott: Hayden, John O., ed. Scott, the Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. Lockhart, J. G., ed. Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. 10 volume or abridged version, Edinburgh: R. Cadell; London: J. Murray and Whittaker & Co., 1839. Oliver, Susan. Scott, Byron and the Poetics of Cultural Encounter, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Sutherland, John. The Life of Walter Scott. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. Journal articles: Forbes, Duncan. ‘The Rationalism of Sir Walter Scott.’ The Cambridge Journal. Vol. VII. no.7. (1953) 20-35. Forbes, Duncan. ‘ “Scientific” Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar.’ The Cambridge Journal. Vol. VII. no.11. (1954) 643-70. Garside, P. D. ‘Dating Waverley’s Early Chapters.’ The Bibliotheck, 13 (1986) 61-81. Garside, P. D. ‘Scott and the “Philosophical” Historians.’ Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. XXXVI. No. 3. (July-September 1975) 497-512.

    11. “Lines on the Fall of Fyers, Near Loch Ness.” Robert Burns, 1787

    12. 19th Century influence of Waverley. . .

    13. ‘Flora Mac-Ivor, at the Cascade,’ Engraving by Charles Leslie, 1832

    14. Engraving by Charles Leslie, 1832 “Fergus Mac-Ivor warned of his fate by the Bodach Glas, or Grey Spectre.”

    15. Fergus hunting Capercailllie with Edward and Evan Dhu Maccombich, Engraving by Henry Melville, 1836.

    16. “A wigwam was erected, almost in an instant…” W. Scott, Waverley, Chapter 24/ Book 2, Ch.1, “A Stag Hunting and its Consequences.” Sheilings on Jura, Engraving taken from Thomas Pennant, Tour in Scotland, and Voyage to the Hebrides, 1772. edited by Andrew Simmons (Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd., 1998).

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