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Chapter 3: Assessment and Implementation

R. INTRODUCTION TO THE Water-Energy-Food NEXUS. Chapter 3: Assessment and Implementation. R. Overview of Chapter 3. 1: Nexus Assessment Context analysis Quantitative assessment Response options 2: Nexus Tools Categories of assessment tools Conceptual visualisation tool

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Chapter 3: Assessment and Implementation

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  1. R INTRODUCTION TO THE Water-Energy-Food NEXUS Chapter 3: Assessment and Implementation

  2. R Overview of Chapter 3 1: Nexus Assessment • Context analysis • Quantitative assessment • Response options 2: Nexus Tools • Categories of assessment tools • Conceptual visualisation tool • Quantitative assessment tools • Modelling tools 3: Policy and Governance Instruments for Implementation • Multi-stakeholder process • Policy instruments • Policy coordination 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 2

  3. R NEXUS ASSESSMENT

  4. R Nexus Assessment Flammini et al., 2014 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 4

  5. R Context Analysis • A context analysis can be either qualitative (e.g. from interviews) or rely on a quantitative assessment • Qualitative analysis usually through experts’ opinions or multi-stakeholder consultations • For the quantitative assessment, data is collected and analysed to assess the Nexus interconnections • The aims are: • To determine which environmental and social resources are under pressure • To identify critical interconnections, competing interests and potential conflicts 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 5

  6. O Nexus Related Data and Monitoring Data Information Knowledge • Data are necessary to establish and quantify interconnections between sectors • They include physical variables (e.g. climate, hydrology, topography) and socio-economic factors (e.g. population, GDP, energy and water access, etc.) • An essential first step to understand the current status, assess impacts of interventions and support decision-making 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 6

  7. R Quantitative Assessment Quantitative analysis: Data is collected to identify and assess the interconnections between the WEF sectors Application of input/output tools: Impacts quantified and scenarios developed Assessment of interventions: Specific interventions are assessed in terms of the efficiency of environmental and human resources use Comparison of interventions: Different stakeholders engage in a dialogue to build consensus on policy issues related to the interventions 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 7

  8. O Relevance of Spatial Scales Nexus interconnections are assessed at different scales: • Global scale: e.g. food and energy market prices, virtual water • Basin scale: e.g. water resources availability • National scale: e.g. energy supply grid data • Provincial/community scale: e.g. agricultural census data and food production 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 8

  9. O Interconnectedness and Scale Daher et al., 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 9

  10. R Categories of Assessment Tools • Conceptual visualisation tools • (Quantitative) assessment tools • Modelling tools • Policy framework tools (which regulations play a role and which are missing) • Governance analysis tools (communication mechanisms) 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 10

  11. O Categorisation of Tools Adapted from Dai et al. (2017) 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 11

  12. R CONCEPTUAL VISUAlISATION TOOL

  13. R Visualisation Tool: Nexus Conceptual Diagram • Meza et al. (2015) presented a conceptual qualitative tool to illustrate the interconnections between the different Nexus components • Systems or sectors are treated as separate units • Each compartment is divided further into sub-components (e.g. surface and groundwater; renewable and non-renewable energy sources; food products or biofuels) • The relative size of the sub-components can be an indicator of sensitivity • Arrows indicate influence or supply/demand, and their size is indicative of their magnitude • Global changes are connected, directly or indirectly, to each of the depicted components 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 13

  14. R Nexus Interconnections Diagram Meza et al., 2015 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 14

  15. R Example: Maipo Basin Hydropower Note: The arrows with dotted lines represent projected changes: either the changing thickness of an arrow or the addition of a new arrow Meza et al., 2015 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 15

  16. R QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT TOOLS

  17. R Nexus Rapid Appraisal Tool (FAO) Response Interventions Scenario Development Data Rapid appraisal based on existing data and indicators (from international organisations) describing the interconnections between the WEF sectors A tool for managing and governing the Nexus data For stakeholders: Used to quantify bio-economic pressures, and benchmarks are defined in participatory processes 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 17

  18. R Nexus Rapid Appraisal Tool: Example Flammini et al., 2014 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 18

  19. R Nexus Rapid Appraisal Tool: Comparison Flammini et al., 2014 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 19

  20. O The Pardee RAND Food-Energy-Water Index (Willis et al., 2016) • Assesses the availability an accessibility of each of the three resources at the country level • For the water index, adaptive capacity is also considered • Normalised scores from 0 (worst) to 1 (best) 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 20

  21. R Climate, Land Use, Energy and Water Strategies (CLEWs) • Integrated system approach to assess Nexus interconnections with the aim to: • Conduct studies to attain insights into trade-offs and potential synergic solutions • Assess interconnections between different resource sectors • Provide policy relevant information • Due to the importance of cities, a framework is developed to analyse CLEWs for urban planning 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 21

  22. R CLEWs: Nexus Challenges in Burkina Faso Hermann et al., 2012 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 22

  23. R The Transboundary River Basin Nexus Approach (TRBNA) de Strasser et al., 2016 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 23

  24. R MODELLING TOOLS

  25. R Modelling Tools to Assess the WEF Nexus Models are used to simulate complex socio-ecological systems They help us understand interconnections between drivers (e.g. climate, socioeconomic development) and the individual elements of the WEF Nexus Models can simulate future scenarios as decision support for planning Different models are available for different sectors (e.g., WEAP, LEAP, LEAP Energy-Agriculture MABIA, CropWat, Agent-based models, etc.) Uncertainties need to be considered! 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 25

  26. O Modelling Case Study: Irrigation versus Hydropower in the Blue Nile Basin • Situation in the Blue Nile basin: • Population growth: 28 million (1900) to 240 million (current) • Increase in resources demand and related interventions in the last century (e.g. hydropower dams, irrigation schemes) • New developments such as the 6,000 MW Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) • Low water use efficiency for agriculture: over-irrigation and underdevelopment • Increasing water pollution 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 26

  27. O Blue Nile Basin: Timeline of Developments Al-Saidi & Roach, 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 27

  28. O Blue Nile Basin: Modelling the Sensitivity of the Nexus to Cooperation • Study area extending from the GERD to the Sennar dam • Important irrigation schemes • Irrigation and hydropower are vital to the livelihoods of those in the area Basheer, 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 28

  29. O Blue Nile Basin: Use of Simulation Models Basheer, 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 29

  30. O Blue Nile Basin: Results of the Nexus Study Basheer, 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 30

  31. I QuestionsPlease answer with regard to your country or region How are Nexus issues typically assessed in your country? What type of data do you use? Where does it come from? Do you typically consider Nexus issues in a qualitative or quantitative manner? What methods or tools for assessing the Nexus are you familiar with? 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 31

  32. R POLICY AND GOVERNANCE INSTRUMENTS for IMPLEMENTATION

  33. R Responding to Nexus Issues Response options should be based on the Nexus assessment and should address an identified problem or challenge Effective responses require strategic vision, appropriate policies, regulations and an enabling institutional setting Responses should be designed at the appropriate scale: local, regional, national or transboundary Selection between possible project interventions should be supported by decision-making tools 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 33

  34. O Stakeholder Participation Adapted from Flammini et al. (2017) 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 34

  35. R Multi-Stakeholder Process (MSP) • A MSP has the following benefits: • Helps achieve participatory decision-making and information sharing • Leads to a greater ownership of the process or project, making it more sustainable • Builds partnerships and alliances among stakeholders and also among institutional agencies • Key stakeholders should be involved in designing and coordinating the process • Designing an effective MSP should involve careful consideration in: (i) selecting participants; (ii) facilitation; (iii) the structure and set up; and (iv) meeting processes 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 35

  36. R Multi-Stakeholder Process (MSP) Adapted from FAO (n.d.) Three phases are recognised for setting up an MSP: 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 36

  37. R The Role of Policy Making • The implementation of a Nexus approach leads to optimised overall welfare • However, a Nexus approach often cannot be implemented because of the existing sectoral governance system • Therefore, a clear policy framework is required in order to integrate the different sectors • Important questions to ask are: • Who undertakes the required integration? • How is it achieved? 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 37

  38. R Policy Framework for Managing the Nexus Rasul, 2016 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 38

  39. R Policy Instruments Al-Saidi & Elagib, 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 39

  40. R Approaches To Policy Coordination Policy areas can be organised according to ministerial sectors or on the basis of coordination at strategic levels Policy coordination can be defined as ‘positive’ or ‘negative’, based on whether the approach is focussed on alignment or on separate departmental interests Environmental policy plays a lead role in the pursuit of stronger policy coordination 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 40

  41. R Horizontal Coordination Adapted from GIZ (2017) 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 41

  42. R Vertical Coordination • Coordination between different levels of governance is realised through different institutional instruments. For example, through: • Dialogue processes and consultations • Conferences of national and regional ministries (often along sectoral lines) • Working groups between local-regional-national government levels National Government Provincial Government District City/Municipality Businesses Public Vertical coordination between policy levels / actors GIZ, 2017 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 42

  43. O Case studies covering policy instruments • All four case studies presented in the “German and European Case Studies” handbook discuss the policy approaches used to address Nexus problems. These cases studies are: • Amendment of the Fertiliser Ordinance • Groundwater management in the Hessian Ried • Pumped-storage plants in Thuringia • Management of the Rhine River 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 43

  44. I QuestionsPlease answer with regard to your country or region What are your experiences with the implementation of Nexus interventions? What are your experiences with the use of policy instruments and policy coordination in the context of the Nexus? 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 44

  45. R Summary • A Nexus assessment is a necessary step to assess data and information to quantify the interconnections (trade-offs and/or synergies) between the different WEF sectors • The assessment can be qualitative, quantitative, or both • The assessment must be accompanied by a stakeholders dialogue to ensure ownership and process sustainability • There is no one-size-fits-all solution • The appropriate assessment tool will depend on the system, available data and expected outcome (defined through a participatory process) • Tools can also be used to assess and compare different response options, and select the most suitable one • The implementation of response options requires a clear policy framework including clear instruments and coordination between stakeholders 05.04.2018 Nexus Assessment and Implementation 45

  46. R Thank you for your time

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