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Understanding Wildland Fires: Types and Suppression Tactics

This PowerPoint guide covers the types of wildland fires, including ground, surface, and crown fires, and discusses fire suppression methods. Students will learn about fire anatomy, behavior influenced by factors like wind and topography, fuel types, wildfire detection techniques, prevention strategies, and firefighting tactics. The presentation highlights the importance of education campaigns, like Smokey Bear, and the National Fire Danger Rating System. By the end of the module, learners will be equipped to identify different wildfire types and understand effective methods for suppressing them.

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Understanding Wildland Fires: Types and Suppression Tactics

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  1. Teacher Information! • Necessary materials: • PowerPoint Guide

  2. Wildland Fire Types and Fighting Fire Pgs 283-289 in Ch.22 of Managing Our Natural Resources Rangelands, Forests, & Fire

  3. Students will be able to… • Describe the types of wildland fires. • Discuss fire suppression.

  4. Who started the fire? Wildfires may be • Natural mainly lightning or… • Human-caused • Incendiary-the unlawful setting of fire • Includes arson and escaped planned fires • Unattended campfires

  5. Types of Wildland Fires • 3 types based on fire intensity • Ground fire • Surface fire • Crown fire • Fire intensity  the rate a fire produces heat • measured as temperature or heat yield

  6. Ground Fires • Burn the organic materials beneath the surface litter of the forest floor • Fuels like peat, coal, tree roots • Common in wet, boggy areas • Smoldering fire, usually no flames • Very high heat kills root systems

  7. Surface Fires • Burn surface litter and small vegetation • Forest canopy is not generally burned • Most fires begin as surface fires • Easiest to control

  8. Crown Fires • Burn from top to top of trees or shrubs • Most dangerous type of fire • Can easily spread due to wind

  9. Anatomy of a Fire • Headthe most active part of a fire; a fire can have more than one • Rear: the slowest burning part of a fire • Flank: the sides of the fire, between the head and the rear Flank Head Rear Burned area Wind

  10. Fire Anatomy Influenced by: • Air movement  horizontal & vertical movement of air & wind speed • Fire season July-September in Idaho • Topography • Steeper slopes = faster fire, more updrafting winds • Presences of roads, streams = fire barriers

  11. Fire Behavior • These factors that affect fire anatomy result in fire behavior  • The rate of spread or speed of a fire • Fire intensity • Some conditions can decrease the rate of spread • Rain • Wind reversal • Increased relative humidity

  12. Fuel Types • Influence fire behavior • Two types • Ground fuels  peat, duff, tree roots, leaves, dead grass, weeds, low shrubs • Aerial fuels  burnable material in canopies above 6 ft from the ground

  13. Wildfire Detection • Lookout towers • An alidade determine the azimuth of a detected fire from two lookout towers • Triangulation 2 azimuths taken from two towers pinpoints fire location • Telephone reports from motorists

  14. Wildfire Detection • Fire-watch planes • Remote sensing equipment • Satellite imaging systems

  15. Preventing Wildfire • Education campaigns • Smokey Bear • Keep America Green • Thinning • Prescribed burning • National Fire Danger Rating System • Fire danger indices

  16. Suppressing Wildfire • Directattack • The flames are attacked • Fire lanes • Indirectattack Removes fuel from the fire triangle • Firebarriers • Backfire • Moppingup  Patrolling the fire line after the fire is under control

  17. Review • Describe the types of wildland fires. • Discuss fire suppression.

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