The Nature of Language Tutorial 5

1. The Nature of Language Tutorial 5 Syntax

2. Presentation Outline Task 1: English Syntactic Structures Task 2: Phrase Structure Rules for Ewe Task 3: Evidence for Wh-Movement Task 4: WannaContraction & Wh-Movement

3. 1 • Task 1: English Syntactic Structures >>> Nature of Language

4. Phrase Structure Rules 1. S→ NP VP • 2. NP→ (Det) (AdjP) N (PP) • 4. PP → P(NP) • 3. VP→ V (NP) (PP) (AdvP) • 5. AdjP→ (Deg)nAdjn 6. AdvP→ (Deg)n Adv Task 1

5. Syntactic Constituency Mother Movability Test - In my class, there was this student Replacement Test - This student there Sisters Task 1

6. a. Under the bridge • 4. PP → P(NP) Task 1

7. b. Fell into the pond • 3. VP→ V (NP) (PP) (AdvP) Task 1

8. c. The silly picture of Ai • 2. NP→ (Det) (AdjP) N (PP) • 4. PP → P(NP) • 5. AdjP→ (Deg)nAdjn Task 1

9. d. Pat loves Robin passionately • 3. VP→ V (NP) (PP) (AdvP) S 6. AdvP→ (Deg)n Adv VP NP N AdvP V NP Pat loves N Adv Robin Passionately Task 1

10. e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone 1. S→ NP VP • 2. NP→ (Det) (AdjP) N (PP) • 3. VP→ V (NP) (PP) (AdvP) • 4. PP → P(NP) Task 1

11. e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone

12. e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone Robin The Manager Task 1

13. e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone The Manager Robin Task 1

14. e. Robin talked to the manager over the phone 1. S→ NP VP • 2. NP→ (Det) (AdjP) N (PP) • 3. VP→ V (NP) (PP) (AdvP) • 4. PP → P(NP) Task 1

15. 2 • Task 2: Phrase Structure Rules for Ewe >>> Nature of Language

16. Ewe Phrase Structure Rules 1. S→ NP VP • 2. N  {oge, ika, amu} • 4. Det ye • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP 6. V  {xa, vo} Task 2

17. (1) Ogexaika✓ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

18. (2) Ye amuvooge✗ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

19. (3) Ikaogexa ye ✗ 1. S→ NP VP • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

20. (4) Oge ye voika ye ✓ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

21. (5) Amu xaoge✓ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

22. (6) Vo ogeika✗ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

23. (7) Amu ye voika✓ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

24. (8) Ye ikaxa ye oge✗ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

25. (9) Xaamu ye ✗ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

26. (10) Oge ye xaamu✓ 1. S→ NP VP • 3. NP  N (Det) • 5. VP  V NP Task 2

27. 3 • Task 3: Evidence for Wh-Movement >>> Nature of Language

28. Question 3 Consider the following sentence: Where has John put the car? How can the following data be used to argue that where originated to the right of the car in the underlying structure (i.e., John put the car where?) and was moved to sentence-initial position in the surface structure? WHERE Task 3

29. Data a) John has put the car in the garage. b) * John has put. c) * John has put the car. d) * John has put in the garage. e) * Where has John put the car in the garage? Task 3

30. Observation • How did the interrogative sentence come about? • Solution: • The ‘where’ (wh- word) started as an actual location and moved away. • The observations can be justified if the Wh-movement ( and Subject-Auxiliary inversion) has occurred

31. Subject-Auxiliary Inversion Where has John put the car ? Has John put the car where John has put the car where John has put the car in the garage . Indicator of location Wh-movement WHERE HAS Auxiliary-Subject inversion Task 3

32. 4 • Task 4: WannaContraction & Wh-Movement >>> Nature of Language

33. Yosuke’s Quiz this week! The sentence below is actually grammatical. Can you explain why? What is the meaning of this sentence? Buffalo buffaloBuffalobuffalobuffalobuffaloBuffalobuffalo. Buffalobuffalo (buffalo from Buffalo NY) [that] Buffalobuffalobuffalo ( that the buffalo from Buffalo NY bully) Buffalobuffalobuffalo (are bullying buffalo from Buffalo NY) Homonyms! Simplified parse treePN = proper nounN = nounV = verbNP = noun phraseRC = relative clauseVP = verb phraseS = sentence Buffalo (PN): the city of Buffalo, New York Buffalo (V): “to bully” Buffalo (N): the animal Bonus Question

34. Sentences a,b,c (Can Wanna) You do want to visit Zechy. (Original Sentence) Do you want to visit Zechy? (Subj-Aux Inversion) Who do you want to visit? (WH-movement) (a) You would want to go out with Zechy. (Original Sentence) Would you want to visit Zechy? (Subj-Aux Inversion) Who would you want to go out with? (WH-movement) (b) You do want to invite six of your friends to the wedding. (Original Sentence) Do you want to invite six of your friends to the wedding? (Subj-Aux Inversion) How many of your friends do you want to invite to the wedding? (WH-movement) (C) Task 4

35. Sentences d,e,f (Can’t Wanna) You do want Yosuke to win the game. (Original Sentence) Do you want Yosuke to win the game? (Subj-Aux Inversion) Who do you want to win the game? (WH-movement) (d) You would want Yosuke to look after your pets. (Original Sentence) Would you want Yosuke to look after your pets. (Subj-Aux Inversion) Who would you want to look after your pets? (WH-movement) (e) You do want six of your friends to stay with us. (Original Sentence) Do you want six of your friends to stay with us. (Subj-Aux Inversion) How many of your friends do you want to stay with us? (WH-movement) (f) Task 4

36. Wanna Contraction and WH-movement • In English, “want to” can be contracted to “wanna”, but not in all situations. • The original sentences in Task 4 are all formed via Subj-Aux inversion and WH-movement. • Wanna contraction CANNOT take place if the object or subject being MOVED is extracted from the position between “want” and “to” Task 4

37. Heading Task 4