Industrialization Changes Way of Life

1. Industrialization Changes Way of Life Ch. 25.2

2. The factory system changed the way people lived, worked, and introduced a variety of problems for society.

3. Quality of life improves • Coal provided heat for homes • Wore better clothing • Ate more meat • Cities grew

4. Urbanization • Urbanization – city building and the movement of people into cities. • Between 1800-1850 more than 45 cities had populations of 100,000+ • Glasgow and Berlin quadrupled in size.

5. Replaced Paris as the largest city in Europe Population of 1 million Leader in industrialization London

6. Major Cities • Birmingham and Sheffield became iron-smelting centers. • Leeds and Manchester dominated textile manufacturing. • Liverpool and Manchester were the center of the cotton industry.

7. Living Conditions • No plans, sanitary codes, or building codes controlled the growth of English cities. • They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection. • Unpaved streets had no drainage and collected heaps of garbage. • Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded into one bedroom.

8. Think about your family… • Could you all live in ONE BEDROOM?

9. Sickness widespread • Cholera epidemics regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain. • In 1842, British government study showed an average life span to be 17 years for working-class people in a large city, while it was 38 years for the countryside.

10. Cholera • Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. • Symptoms: Abdominal cramps; Dry mucus membranes or mouth; Dry skin; Excessive thirst; Glassy or sunken eyes; Lack of tears; Lethargy

12. Mary Barton • Fiction novel written by Elizabeth Gaskell in 1848. • It is about a family living during Britain’s industrial time. • While it’s fiction, it gives an accurate portrayal of life during that time period.

13. “You went down one step even from the foul area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It was very dark inside. The window panes were broken and stuffed with rags…the smell was foul…three or four children rolled on the damp, wet brick floor…”

15. Working Conditions • The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week. • Factories were poorly lit. • Factories were unclean. • Machines injured workers in countless ways. • There was no government program to provide aid in case of injury.

16. Coal Miners • The most dangerous conditions of all were found in the coal mines. • Frequent accidents • Damp conditions • Constant breathing of coal dust made the average coal miner’s life span ten years shorter than other workers.

17. X-Ray of Coal Miner’s Lungs Healthy lungs are pink!

18. A Middle Class Emerges • The Industrial Revolution brought enormous wealth to Great Britain. • Most of this wealth went to factory owners, shippers, and merchants. • These wealthy people created the middle class. • It was a social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.

19. The Middle Class • The new middle class transformed society. • In the past, wealthy landowners and aristocrats controlled British society. Now factory owners, merchants, and investment bankers grew wealthier than landowners and aristocrats. • Landowners still looked down on those who made their fortunes in the ‘vulgar’ business. • It wasn’t until the 1800s that the rich entrepreneurs were considered the social equals of the lords of the countryside.

20. A Larger Middle Class • A larger middle class, neither rich nor poor, emerged. • This group included an upper middle class of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines, and shops. • Lower middle class consisted of factory overseers and skilled workers such as toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and printers. • These people enjoyed a comfortable life.

21. Poor workers saw little improvement in their own living and working conditions. • Many machines replaced workers and put people out of a job. • In response, workers smashed the machines they thought were putting them out of work.

22. The Luddites • A group of poor workers named after Ned Ludd. • The Luddites attacked whole factories in northern England beginning in 1811. • They destroyed machinery. • Outside the factories, mobs rioted over poor working and living conditions.

26. Children • Children went to work as soon as they were able to help the support the family. • They typically began factory work at the age of six. • They worked 14-16 hour days with only a lunch break. • They were often whipped to stay awake.

27. How would your life have been different if you lived during this time period?

31. Effects of Industrialization • Size of Cities • Living Conditions • Working Conditions • Emerging Social Classes

32. Size of Cities • Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities. • Urban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in size • Factories develop near sources of energy • Many new industrial cities specializing in certain industries

33. Living Conditions • No sanitary codes or building controls • Lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection • Lack of running water and indoor plumbing • Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums • Eventually better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing

34. Working Conditions • Industrialization creating new jobs for workers • Workers trying to keep pace with machines • Factories dirty and unsanitary • Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions • Harsh and severe factory discipline • Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

35. Emerging Social Classes • Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants • Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich, middle class • Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers • Workers overworked and underpaid • In general, a rising standard of living, with some groups excluded