THE 2 ND ERA OF IMPERIALISM

1. THE 2ND ERA OF IMPERIALISM INDUSTRIALIZATION AND IMPERIALISM: THE MAKING OF THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER

2. INDUSTRIALIZATION AS CATALYST • Industrialization • Made it possible to easily build empires • Technology gave Europeans a technical superiority • Technology allowed Europeans to reach all areas • Scientific advances helped cure diseases harmful to Europeans • Industrialism changed European expansion • Trade no longer solely luxury goods • Europe sought raw materials for its factories • Markets for its manufactured goods. • European navies required foreign bases to refuel • Steam engines required coal, wood, water • Later petroleum engines required oil to fuel machines • Part of imperialism was finding naval bases, naval stores

3. SWITCH TO LAND POWERS • In the early stages of imperial advance • Great trading companies led acquisition of territories • Sought to avoid involvement in political rivalries • Favored trade instead of wars as wars cut into profits • Later, companies drawn into regional conflicts • Had to negotiate with princes for land, make alliances • Companies began to arm soldiers, build navies • Acquired land as a result of successful wars • With slow communications prior to industrialization • Local commanders conquered large regions • Home countries did not know what was happening • Examples • British East India Company • Operating from Madras, Bombay • Acquired Bengal and smaller enclaves • Dutch East India Company • Operating from Batavia • Acquired Java and parts of other islands • Acquired Ceylon • French East India Company • Possessed port cities and factories • Tried to interfere with local princes to oust British from India

4. RISE OF LAND-BASED EMPIRES

5. Prototype: The Dutch Advance on Java • The Dutch at Batavia • Initially satisfied to be vassals of sultan of Mataram • The kingdom that controlled much of Java's interior • Intervention in succession wars within Mataram • Dutch received control over the region around Batavia • After 1670, Dutch won control of most of Java • The local sultans • Were able to retain only small kingdoms on the island • Java became the core of the Dutch Asian empire • Dutch expand control in parts of East Indies • Control local ports and some area • Leave interiors to native princes • Control the import, export of goods • Collect tribute

6. The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock (Dutch East Indies Company) at the end of the Java War in 1830

7. EARLY COLONIAL SOCIETY • In the Beginning • British, Dutch representatives • Established themselves atop indigenous social hierarchies • Europeans Had to accommodate themselves to the ecology • New types of housing, dress, work habits adopted • A Blending • Colonial representatives were male • Liaisons with indigenous women were common • Intermarried with local women producing mixed groups • Eurasian mixed races become common intermediaries • Mixed races controlled exchanges between whites, locals • Many mixed groups created their own ethnic hierarchies • Syncretism of Styles and Religions • Christianity arrived but two Christianities resulted • A purely European and an ethnic, blended tradition

8. REFORM • By the 1770s, rampant corruption within the East India Company • Forced the British government to enact reforms • Sweeping reforms were undertaken by Lord Charles Cornwallis • Cornwallis' reforms in 1790s • Cleansed the East India Company administration • Constricted the participation of Indians in their own government. • Evangelical religious movements in Britain also induced reform. • Slavery was abolished • Campaigns launched against what were viewed as Indian social abuses • British utilitarians supported the cries for social reform • Evangelicals, Utilitarians pressed for English-language instruction in India • Reformers supported infusion of British technology. • At the center of the social reform program • Abolition of the practice of sati • Despite some resistance, British insisted on an end to the practice • British reforms also brought other cultural aspects • Centerpieces of Western civilization including law, government • Including education, technology, and administrative organization • Attempted to recast Indian civilization in the Western image.

9. DUTCH EAST INDIES • Interactions • War and Diplomacy • Dutch conquer island interiors following Javanese revolt • Dutch, English redrew political map according to their own desires; boundaries have lasted until current era • New boundaries connected particular power centers within a Dutch colonial state, outside state to Netherlands • Trade • Export industries increased rapidly until they came to dominate the economy • Capitalist, world-market-driven forces created national economic structures • State Structure • Dutch created new political framework • Systematically replaced local rulers, states with colonial state; Imposed modern bureaucratic systems • Standardization of currency systems, banking systems, insurance firms, and all-purpose service institutions • Left many local institutions, elites in place so long as they cooperated with Dutch, fulfilled their economic quotas • Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union) • United different kinds of Indonesian Muslims in one mass movement • Modeled after Indian movements, Chinese Revolution and parties • Social and Gender • Forced culture system: government contracts with natives, crop control, and fixed prices • Private enterprise, land ownership expanded in late 19th century; population subject to world price fluxuations • Cultural • Dutch Native Schools: primary schools, university education helped fuel Indonesian nationalism • Islamic reformism (education, self-reform) came to Indonesia via movements in Middle East • Debate between revivalist, modernist reconstructions of Islam; rise of ethnic identities • Prompted social and intellectual changes • Resistance movements and new political parties • Environment and Demography • Population steadily, rapidly increased; significant migrations into and within the area • Chinese, Indian trading groups made up significant percentage of immigrants • Introduction of coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa plantations; rice production expanded • Dutch developed tin, oil industries

10. DUTCH EAST INDIES

11. FRENCH INDOCHINA • Interactions • Diplomacy: Began century as Chinese tributary states, independent princely states • Diplomacy: Negotiations left Thailand as buffer and led to annexation of Laos by 1902 • Wars: French fought Chinese, Vietnamese, Siam to acquire colonies, protectorates 1859 - 1882 • War: many peasant/guerrilla insurrection, Buddhist rebellions against French influence • State Structure • Vietnam began as imperial state with Confucian bureaucracy modeled after China • French navy conquer southern area, including Cambodia • Introduced European administration, taxing/fiscal systems but left many ruling elites in place • French monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, and all public facilities • Social and Gender • French colonial administrators assisted by French trained Vietnamese bureaucrats • Confucian ruling elites, traditional social structures largely left in place but little influence • Cultural • Conversion of many Vietnamese to Christianity • Attempted repression by emperor led to French intervention • French practice policy of cultural assimilation , allow elites to rule locals • Migration of Chinese merchants to area especially in South, to cities • Many Vietnamese intellectuals educated in French universities • Technology • Infusion of modern technology, irrigation, all weather roads, ports • Conquest by technologies: warships, modern weapons, telegraph • Coal mines and rice plantations were opened with French funding • Environment and Demography • Rise of Saigon, Hanoi, Haiphong due to French administration • Export industries dominate: plantations for rubber, tea, rice

12. FRENCH INDOCHINA

13. RISE OF BRITISH IN INDIA • British gradually assumed a position of superiority • Establishment of British control in India • Based out of Bombay which became center of trade, banking • Had much to do with an imperial rivalry with the French • Armed ships and fielded English led native levies of troops • Signed alliances with local princes, fought opposition • British emerged as victors and masters of an Asian empire • British representative of BEIC was Robert Clive. • Won initial victories in southern India • Won a major battle over ruler of Bengal at Plassey in 1757 • Clive had help of Hindu bankers • Successfully bought off the chief general, allies of rival • Clive's victory sealed British supremacy over France in India

14. CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH RULE • After Plassey • British representatives • Involved themselves in succession disputes, wars • Among the Indian rulers who bordered Bengal • British East India Company • Wrested control of India from a declining Mughal Empire • Madras, Bombay, Calcutta became administrative centers • British Presidencies incorporated territory controlled by BEC • Other Indian states were left as dependent allies. • Despite their awareness of the growing power of the British • Indian princes continued to squabble among themselves • Supplied recruits for the British armies. • Armies recruited from India became a force in British empire • Indian soldiers served British masters throughout empire

15. INDIA: EXTERNAL • Interactions • War: French Revolution impacts seas, princes: English expand control • War: Numerous colonial wars of conquest, revolts • War: 1858 Sepoy Rebellion of Muslims, Hindus against British rule • Diplomacy: UK gets external control, land, rights • Diplomacy: Indians get local self-rule, protection, prestige • Diplomacy: India becomes a British imperial colony annexing Burma • Trade: Export of opium, raw cotton, indigo dye, cotton textiles, tea, rubber • Trade: British make Indian economy dependent on English trade, merchants • Trade: Opening of Suez Canal made India economically very important • State Structure • 1750: Many princely states vie for leadership; English East India Company on rise • 1858: United Kingdom takes over EEIC after Sepoy Rebellion, rules India directly • Cabinet system was introduced; civil service appointments were regulated • Army reorganized, recruited increasingly from the Punjab and Nepal • Code of civil procedure (1859), penal code (1860), code of criminal procedure (1861), high courts (1862) • Legislative councils were appointed containing a small proportion of Indian members • High caste Indians allowed to hold higher positions • Joint Anglo-Indian rule • British: land revenue-based state, sedentary society, guarantees of property rights, and the “rule of law.” • Regional rulers, local communities, local elites retained most social, political influence • Locals advanced visions of what Indian society should be that were different from British administrators • First nationalist movements, Hindu, Muslim reform movements • Political leaders such as Gandhi begin to unite urban, rural and social, religious activities to unify nation • 1914 Indian Congress Party seeks independence for a united Hindu-Muslim state • 1914 Muslim League seeking independence for Muslims from a Hindu state

16. INDIA: INTERNAL • Social and Gender • Profound social changes both by British, locals • English hostile to worst aspects of traditions, caste system but rule through elite Muslims, Hindus • Rise of English educated and technical elite; Indian bureaucracy, civil service largely native • British abolish sati; tried to diminish effects of caste system • Wealthy Indian merchants increasing buy land and do not invest in industry, trade • Elimination of the Thugees, a murderous Kali cult by British • Increasing tensions between Muslim, Hindus; Sikhs prominent in Indian Army • British officials accompanied by wives, socially and intellectually aloof from Indian subjects. • Cultural • Founding of Anglo-Indian colleges, schools of higher education • Rise of Orientalism, a European intellectual school favoring Indian studies (Transcendentalists) • Protestant, Catholic missionaries very active in India, especially south; resented by Muslims, Hindus • Technology • British introduced printing press in 1778 creating an intellectual revolution • Printed media especially newspapers expanded in 19th century • British developed public works, ports, roads, railroads, bridges, irrigation canals, telegraph, post • Indian Great Rail System unites country for first time • Industrialization limited but some regional industrialization occurred in Bombay, Bengal • Environment and Demography • Indian population increased with new food stuffs • Increased urbanization • Growth of plantation economics in areas: teas, rubber, opium • Immigration of Indian labor throughout British Empire

17. INDIAN EMPIRE, 1914

18. COMPETITION • Nationalism as competition • Industrial competition as nationalism • Militarism as a part of industrialization • Increased military, technological advantage • Competition among nations for colonies • Imperialism and colonialism • Race to establish international empires • Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized nations • They supplied raw materials, markets, • Places where disgruntled workers could be shipped • Improved transportation and communications permitted • National leaders play direct roles in imperial conquest • National presses gave governments the ability • To build up public support • To publicize victories abroad.

19. AFRICA IN1830: BEFORESCRAMBLEFOR CONTINENTBEGAN

20. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

21. FRENCH WEST AFRICA • Interactions • Jihads by Sokoto spread faith; slaving wars; civil wars between Muslim states • By 1898 French reached Lake Chad, Nile; Fashoda Crisis nearly led to war with England • Industrial capitalism shaped demand, supply of goods and service on a world scale • Price fluctuations hurt West Africa • Export of vegetable oils, cottons • State Structure • Militant Muslim forces established Sokoto Caliphate, others in early to middle 19th century • French West Africa • Established in 1895 to unify diverse, widespread French colonial possessions • Government centralized, direct rule from Paris, by French governor; all levels of government, courts run by French • All French colonies had to be self-supporting, taxable entities; little direct French investment in colonies • Forms of resistance: migration, tax evasion, disobedience, disrespect • Much less obvious, much more difficult to control; resistance continued throughout colonial period • Africans turned to Christianity, Western education as means of resisting the power of colonial rule • Social and Gender • Expansion of slavery to interior contributed to agricultural, craft, trading, and herding activities; social prestige • Mouridiyya brotherhood: peasants, former slaves, defeated warriors create Muslim community during Colonial rule • French expect men to migrate for work; while slavery abolished, many coerchive forms of labor used • Cultural • Islamic education, piety made significant advances; great Muslim revival • White Fathers Mission charged with Catholic missionary work in Africa • Technology • French weapons, transportation, steamships facilitate conquest, control • Quinine used to suppress malaria, permit Europeans to live in Africa • Environment and Demography • Expansion of peanut production (Peanut Revolution) throughout region • Introduction of cotton production for export

22. FRENCH WEST AFRICA

23. NIGERIA • Interactions • 1750-1830 saw slaving wars between African states; later many civil wars for power • 1870-1914 colonial wars of conquest, British forced to put down resistance • Industrializing countries sought tropical commodities (oils, cotton, ivory, indigo, gum) • Increased slavery augmented production of goods for regional and international trade • Exploration: the Niger, interior of the continent • State Structure • Forest Regions: 1750 until conquest -Divine right monarchies assisted by elites, councils ruled small states • Sudan/Sahel: 1750 until conquest- Muslim jihad, reformist purifying movement creates modern, model states • Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring lands, facilitation British expansion to interior • British establish two colonies: North, South and eventually merge both into one colonial entity • British dominate highest positions including military; ruled indirectly through local elites • Educated Africans become government civil servants, lawyers, police, teachers under British supervision • Social and Gender • Before British arrival, slave trade redirected to interior and expanded; many economic, social benefits • African slavery contributed to patriarchy because slave wives had fewer rights than freeborn wives • Traditional elites remained but undermined by European educated elites, Christians, businessmen • Cultural • British, American missionaries set up schools, begin activities (Presbyterians, Methodists, Anglicans) • Rise of western educated elite due to missionaries, education which challenged traditional elites • In villages were men migrated to work, women assumed many traditional male roles • British economics, education disrupted many tradition patterns and changed social focus • Technology • Steamboats used in environment; weapons; modern medicines made conquest easier • Railroads, electricity, roads, port facilities expanded and created a unified colony • Environment and Demography • Abolition of Atlantic slave trade in 19th century but expansion of slavery within African interior • Peanuts, yams introduced into region, a major food crop: population expanded in 19th century • Rise of Lagos as administrative capital, port

24. COLONIAL WARS • Europe by the late 19th century • Nations could wage devastating war • Small armies had enormous power • Technology gave them great power • Machine guns, steam power, iron hulls • The peoples of Asia and Africa • Not able to provide effective resistance • Asian, African leaders continued to resist • Although they were able to win some victories • Local states could not sustain conventional wars • Most effective resistance was offered by guerrillas • Case of Congo in Africa • Henry Stanley never had more than 1000 men • His army had machine guns, cannons, steamers • Conquered Congo Free State (Zaire) for Belgium • State is half the size of the continental USA

25. RESISTANCE • Africans, Asians Resist • Resisted as best they could • Refused to cooperate • Slowed work, output • Disappeared to avoid work • Often resorted to war • Sepoy Rebellion 1857 • Hindu, Muslims sepoys rebel • Crushed by British troops • UK annexes India from East Indies Co. • Ethiopia • Italy invaded in 1896 • At Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia wins • Zulu Wars • 1870s • English, Boer in region: seek Zulu land • Zulus resist • Battle of Isandhlwana • Zulus defeat British • Too little to win war

26. PATTERNS OF DOMINANCE • European Superiority • Fueled desire for Western learning • Asian, African elites cooperated to try to maintain their powers • Asian and African middle classes westernized • Europeans needed lower echelon bureaucrats to run empire • New middle classes, urban classes especially clerks worked with Europeans • Fueled westernization issues as many adopted European standards • Two primary types of colonies • Tropical dependencies • Small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of indigenous peoples • Europeans there to exploit resources but not settle • Often left for better life after making their money, reputation • Settlement, settler colonies. • Within the settlement colonies there were two patterns. • In the White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia • Much of the population descended from European immigrants • Possible because of the die-off of native peoples • In contested settler colonies, such as Algeria, Kenya, New Zealand, Hawaii • Large numbers of European immigrants vied with indigenous peoples • Europeans tried to monopolize best lands, resources

27. THE COLOSSUS ASTRIDE AFRICA(CECIL RHODES)

28. TROPICAL DEPENDENCIES • Followed models established in India, Java • Exploited religious or ethnic divisions • Europeans rigidified differences • Divided indigenous peoples into artificial tribes • Rule through one tribe • Europeans often placed one tribe over other tribes • Europeans ruled through this tribe • The powerful tribe often exploited other tribes, peoples • Ashanti in Gold Coast, Kikuyu in Kenya, Buganda in Uganda • Brahmin and Kshatriya castes, Sikhs in India • Europeans gained control over vast regions of Asia, Africa • Few Europeans governed masses of indigenous peoples • With the help of Western-educated African, Asian subordinates. • British also drew on educated Indians to support administrative • In Africa, unlike other colonized regions • Education left in the hands of missionaries rather than the state • This policy stunted the growth of an African middle class • Such policies • Intentionally eliminated the development of nationalist leaders • Isolated groups within the colonized peoples

29. CHANGING SOCIAL RELATIONS • After 1850 • Europeans in Asia, Africa tended to isolate themselves • Inclusion of European women in the colonies • Ended liaisons between European males, local women • Laws were established forbidding mixed marriages. • Measures were passed to prevent social interactions • White Racial Supremacy • Europeans increasingly felt they were racial superior • Looked down upon all colored or darker races • White Man’s Burden • Whites as superior civilization had a duty to inferiors • Whites imparted civilization to inferiors • Development of Social Dawinism • Based on Darwin’s theories • Saw whites as survival of the fittest • Other races were lower on the evolutionary scale • Used to justify European imperialism, myth of racial superiority • Administrators and colonists • Increasingly saw Africans, Asians as savages, uncivilized • Attempted to create European enclaves • Lived in increasing isolation from Asians, Africans • Took best lands from natives and introduced European lifestyles • Place locals at bottom of all social pyramids

30. MISSION CIVILISATRICE

31. WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

32. ECONOMIC EXTRACTION • Coercive Means of Colonialism • Efforts made to increase production of exports • Often used coercive means • Head, hut taxes imposed payable only in commodities • Forced locals to mine minerals, tap rubber for Europeans • Worse Case = Congo Free State • No rules governing colonization and King of Belgium wanted an empire • Hired Henry Stanley with small armies to create his own new state • Called Congo Free State • Forced locals to harvest rubber under pain of death, punishment • Labor quotas little more than slavery • Eventually his atrocities discovered, state taken over by Belgium • Development of Infrastructure • To facilitate the movement of raw materials, agricultural crops • Imperial nations built roads, railroads from colonial interiors to ports. • Mining and agricultural productivity increased in the colonies • But profits went to European imperialists. • African and Asian workers scarcely benefited from their labor. • Colonial economies reduced to dependence on industrialized Europe.

33. IN THE RUBBER COILS The Congo “Free” State

34. MISSIONARIES AND IMPERIALISM • The Flag Followed The Faith • Missionaries • Were active before imperialists • Often penetrated interior of Asia, Africa • Brought faith and many other goods, ideas • Missionaries were active as social imperialists • Missionaries favored Western ways • Insisted that conversion meant westernization • Native vs. European Clergy • Three Christian traditions developed • Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions – very similar • Protestant traditions like Presbyterians were late starters • Indigenous Clergy and African Christian movements • Developed after some time • Often did not belong to any established tradition • Very strongly Afro-centric and often pentecostal • Europeans dominated African Christianity until 1950s

35. SPREAD OFCHRISTIANMISSIONS INAFRICA

36. SOUTH AFRICA

37. Nguni & Mfecane • Nguni • Bantu tribal language family in Southern Africa • Arrived 1600s in Cape area • Arrive in area same time as Dutch settled Capetown • Tribes: Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Swahzi, Nbelle, Shona • Many moved into area following decline of Zimbabwe • Corn introduced from Americas: rise of population • Scarce resources during 10 year drought: conflict • Mfecane • Zulu for the scattering or crushing • Rise of Zulu Empire c. 1780 – 1840 • Created by Shaka Zulu, the use of modern iron swords • Zulu war machine forced Ngoni tribes to scatter • Let to rise of Zulu-like states throughout region • Mfecane meets Great Trek • British rule increasingly unacceptable to Dutch Farmer (Boer) • British oppose slavery which Boers support • Boer picked up entire communities and migrated to interior • The Great Trek of Boers collided up against Mfecane

38. Mapping the Mfecane

39. SOUTH AFRICA • Interactions • Diplomacy: British acquire land from Dutch following Napoleonic war • Wars: European border wars with Bantu; Anglo-Boer War 1899 • Bantu Mfecane caused by Zulus; Great Trek: Boers immigrated into interior to get away from British • Imperialism: gold, diamonds led British to seek to control Boer Republics • State Structure • Cape Colony, Natal were British settler colonies; Transvaal, Orange Free State were independent • Indirect British rule of Africans through chiefs; 1853 British settlers acquire legislature, self-rule • Union of South Africa as a British federal crown dominion in 1910 united all states, provinces • Immigration Act of 1913 restricted rights of Indians, led to arrest, rise of Gandhi • Native Land Act of 1913 restricted African landing holding to under 8% • African National Congress founded by blacks in 1913; South African Nationalist party founded in 1914 • Social and Gender • 1795 Slaves outnumbered European colonists • 19th century saw expulsions of Bantu from lands; heavy English settler immigration to colonies • Casted society with misgenation laws, racial segregation laws in place • English Settlers; Afrikaaner (Boer) Settlers dominate society • Indian indentured labor in sugar plantations; mixed populations in Cape Colony, Natal • African (Bantu) populations relegated to homelands, tribal lands • Cultural • Conversion of many Africans to Protestantism • Europeans dominated all levels of the government, economy • Technology • Railroads, modernized ports • Heavy mining of gold, diamonds led to industrial capitalism, • Environment and Demography • Ranching and farming introduced • Cities were often heavily Caucasian, Indian, Mixed populations: black suburban slums

40. Boer Great Trek • Dutch in South Africa • 17th century Dutch occupy Capetown Province • Dutch, French Huguenots settle in Cape Province • Society develops called Boer • People speak Afrikaans, a dialect of Dutch • Create a settler society based on ranching, slavery • British Acquire Cape Province • Following Napoleonic Wars, British annex Cape Province • British abolish slavery and English immigration increases • Great Trek • Waves: semi-nomadic pastoralists and skilled artisans, merchants, farmers • Reasons for migration • Felt their life style and traditions were threatened by the British • Disliked Anglicization policies in society and faith • Disagreed with British abolition of slavery • Felt British were unreceptive to attacks by Bantu Nguni tribes on borders • Sought good farm land which was in short supply in Cape Province • Boers had a large, expanding, young population • Results • Establishment of three Boer Republics in interior • These republics did not permit slavery but established racial segregation • Conflicts between Boers and Bantu especially Zulu and Xhosa increase

41. Mapping the Great Trek

42. CONTESTED SETTLER COLONIES • Australia, South Africa, Kenya, New Zealand, Algeria • Contested settler colonies • Attracted large numbers of European immigrants • Earlier settler colonies • Disease decimated indigenous populations • Europeans able without much trouble to take best lands • Introduced complete European society inc. food, animals • “Neo-Europes” • Created abroad including food, animals • Society an exact replication of Europe • American colonies • Canada and Quebec • 19th-century settler colonies • Were in areas with large indigenous populations • Conflict, competition between indigenous, settler

43. NEO-EUROPES & IMMIGRATION

44. EUROPEANS SETTLE AUSTRALIA • Early Settlement of Australia • May 1787 11 ships sailed from England bound for Botany Bay • British Crown Colony of New South Wales 1788 • Included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales • Van Diemen's Land now known as Tasmania settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825 • Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829 • 1835 the Colonial Office implemented the legal doctrine of terra nullius • Land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession • Quashed earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples • All people found occupying land without authority of government considered illegal trespassers • Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales • South Australia in 1836; New Zealand in 1840; Victoria in 1851; Queensland in 1859 • Northern Territory founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia • 1829 Swan River Colony founded: later became Western Australia • Western Australia was founded as a free colony • Later accepted transported convicts because of an acute labor shortage • The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868 • Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes • 1850: Gold Rushes led to massive immigration • Immigration from England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales • Immigration from United States and Canada • Immigration of Chinese laborers to support European construction, service industries • 1901: Australia granted Dominion Status

45. The Creation of Australia to 1901 AUSTRALIANS Aborigine Tribes Prior to 1830

46. THE PACIFIC • European, American, and Japanese colonialism • Resulted in demographic disasters and social disruption • New Zealand and Hawaii serve as examples • War of 1898 made US a Pacific Power • USA acquired Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa • New Zealand • Contact between Europeans, Maoris occurred end of 18th century • European settlement was not extensive • Exposure to diseases, dissemination of firearms resulted in massive population loss • By middle of 19th century • The surviving Maoris had begun to establish sedentary agricultural communities • Used European technology and domesticated animals • British settlement began in earnest in the 1850s • European immigrants seized the most fertile lands; Maoris driven to interior of the islands • Maoris survived by acculturating to British law and government • New Zealand was able to construct a multiracial society in which elements of the Maori culture flourished. • Hawaii • Captain James Cook opened Hawaii to Western development in 1777 • With use of Western weapons, Kamehameha united all of Hawaii 1794 to 1810 • Kamehameha encouraged economic exchange with Western merchants • In 1819, US missionaries began to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity • Missionaries brought in their wake cultural change and Western education • Exposure to Western diseases decimated the population of the Hawaiian islands • Westerners soon began to experiment with plantation crops • As Hawaiian monarchy declined, planter groups called for more active U.S. intervention • The United States formally annexed Hawaii as a colony in 1898.

47. SETTLEMENT OF NEW ZEALAND • 1000-1300 • Arrival of Polynesians • 1642 • Dutch visit islands • 1769 • Cook visits islands • 1790 • 60% of Maori on North Island die due to disease • 1793 – 1806 • First European settlers • First European women arrive • 1814 • First Christian mission begin • Sheep, cattle, chickens, horses • 1820s – 1840s • Maori wars using muskets • 1840 – 1841 • Major European settlements • New Zealand becomes British

48. PACIFIC EMPIRES

49. WHY WESTERN DOMINANCE? • Concept of Decline Is Common to All Civilizations • Internal Weaknesses • Slow, vulnerable communications hinders cohesion • Long term cohesion of political unity begins to disappear • Ethnic, religious, regional differences re-emerge • Self-serving corrupt elite make pleasure predominate • Elites lose control • Deterioration of government, military increase social tensions • External Weaknesses • Influx of nomadic peoples were a factor through 1450 • Neighboring states clash in wars • Western Europe was different when it emerged in 1450s • European naval power and diseases had enormous impact • 17th and 18th Industrial and technological revolution • Europeans sought to master the natural world – know it, use it • Resources exploited to maximum, manufacturing encouraged • War ability to project military power was vastly greater than locals • Material culture was very advanced and innovation accepted • Vibrant culture of risk taking rewarded: other cultures frowned upon it • Other cultures copied European models, westernized in many cases

50. IDENTIFICATIONS • Boers, Afrikaaners • Cecil Rhodes • Boer War • Leopold of Belgium • Congo Free State • Zulus • Battle of Isandhalwana • Menelik II of Ethiopia • Battle of Adowa • Colonialism • Imperialism • Robert Clive • Sepoys • Sepoy Rebellion • British Raj • Battle of Plassey • Princely States • Crown States • Nabobs • “White Dominions • Tropical Colonies • White Racial Superiority • Social Darwinism