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THE BAROQUE ERA

THE BAROQUE ERA. 1600-1750. Journal Entry #8 Given what you know about the Renaissance, what new innovations and styles you do THINK are coming up in the Baroque era? How will music progress from here?. Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian Bach Nick Caban – Louis Armstrong

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THE BAROQUE ERA

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  1. THE BAROQUE ERA 1600-1750 Journal Entry #8 Given what you know about the Renaissance, what new innovations and styles you do THINK are coming up in the Baroque era? How will music progress from here?

  2. Chris Pearson – Johann Sebastian Bach Nick Caban – Louis Armstrong Bilal Aziz – Ludwig van Beethoven Claire Chandler – Frederic Chopin Andrew Drake – Scott Joplin Blake Noud – Andrew Lloyd Webber Jacob Burns – Claude Debussy Kalyn Moore – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Dominique Flyte – Felix Mendelssohn Julian Harvey – Carl Orff Emma Brown – Sergei Rachmaninoff Kieryn Beyerl – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Phil Kosydor – Franz Schubert Aaron Brunnworth – Antonio Vivaldi Taimoor Aziz – Henry Purcell Alec Camp – Richard Wagner Sami Greytak – Leonard Bernstein Nate Novak – John Williams Ryan Kaminsky – Aaron Copland Anna Stamer – Igor Stravinsky Composer Research Paper Assignments

  3. THE BAROQUE WORLD • History • 1607 – Jamestown founded • 1643-1715 – Louis XIV reigns in France • 1692 – Salem Witch Trials, Salem, MA • 1715-1774 – Louis XV reigns in France • Literature • 1600 – Hamlet (Shakespeare) • 1605 – Don Quixote (Cervantes) • 1611 – King James Bible • 1667 – Paradise Lost (Milton) • 1719 – Robinson Crusoe (Defoe) • 1726 – Gulliver’s Travels (Swift)

  4. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • Science • 1610 – Galileo confirms that Earth revolves around the sun • 1687 – Newton’s Principia Mathematica • New approach to science based on mathematics + experiment • Discovered mathematical laws governing bodies in motion • New inventions, improvements of medicine, mining, navigation, industry

  5. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • Art • Effort to completely fill space • Emphasis on motion and drama • Potential of color, depth, contrasts of light and dark • Artists wanted to create totally structured worlds

  6. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • Judith Slaying Holofernes (1612) • Artemisia Gentileshi

  7. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • 1623 – Bernini: David Slaying Goliath

  8. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • 1653 – Rembrandt: Aristotle with a Bust of Homer

  9. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • “Age of Absolutism” • Aristocracy very rich, powerful, lived in luxury (Rest of population barely survived) • Splendid palaces, magnificent balls, events • Absolute power – Duke of Weimar and Bach

  10. THE BAROQUE WORLD, cont… • Religious institutions also shaped style • Churches used the emotional and theatrical style of the day to make worship more attractive/appealing • Competing views: Europe divided into Catholic and Protestant Catholic: France, Spain, Italy, Austrian Empire Protestant: England, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Germany

  11. BAROQUE STYLE • Baroque = “barroco” = irregularly shaped pearl, term of criticism • Highly decorated, elaborately ornamented • Emphasis on motion and drama

  12. MAJOR COMPOSERS • Two giants: George Frederic Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach • Bach’s death: 1750 • Other important composers: Monteverdi, Purcell, Corelli, Vivaldi

  13. GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC • Divided into 3 phases • Early: 1600-1640 • Middle: 1640-1680 • Late: 1680-1750

  14. GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont… • Music composed for texts conveying extreme emotion, text ruled music • Stress on drama and text led to opera – drama sung to orchestra accompaniment • Melodies imitated the rhythms/inflections of speech

  15. GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont…

  16. GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont… • Early Baroque: Homophonic over polyphonic texture • Words were clearer with one melody over chordal accompaniment • Dissonance and contrasts of sounds were used to depict extreme emotions • Contrasts of sound examples: • one solo singer against an entire chorus • Singers against instruments

  17. GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont… • Middle Baroque: • New style spread from Italy all over • Church modes officially gave way to major and minor scales • Instrumental music important • Violin family most popular

  18. GENERAL BAROQUE MUSIC, cont… • Late Baroque: • Most music heard today is from late Baroque • Dominant to tonic chords • Instrumental as important as vocal • Polyphonic texture returns

  19. BAROQUE MUSIC (SHMRFT) Sound • Unity of Mood • Usually expresses one basic mood throughout (but not in vocal music) • Emotional states represented – joy, grief, agitation, called affections • Specific rhythm/melodic patterns became associated with specific moods

  20. (SHMRFT) cont… Harmony • Chords increasingly important • Chords gave prominence to the bass, which is the foundation of a chord • Basso continuo – accompaniment made up of a bass part usually played by two instruments • a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument like cello or bassoon

  21. Harmony, cont… • Basso continuo played in left hand, while right hand creates chords based on numbers written in the music, called figured bass • Example: pg. 129

  22. (SHMRFT) cont… • Filling in chords according to figured bass is called realization • Figured bass only specifies basic chords • Performer has great freedom • Also saved time for busy Baroque composers • Also saved paper, which was very expensive

  23. (SHMRFT) cont… • Figured bass is the shorthand system that leads to song lead sheets and jazz improvisation of today

  24. (SHMRFT) cont… Rhythm • Patterns repeat throughout piece • Created forward momentum • Forward motion rarely interrupted • Beat emphasized more than Renaissance

  25. (SHMRFT) cont… Melody • Repeated throughout piece, melodies heard again and again throughout • Character of the melody remains constant • Continuous expanding, unfolding, and unwinding of melody • Sequences used • Ornamentation • Hard to sing and remember

  26. LISTENING FOR ORNMENTATION • Sonata da chiesa, Op. 5, No. 1 • Arcangelo Corelli • Also listen for harpsichord

  27. (SHMRFT) cont… Dynamics • Volume level stays constant for long time • Terraced dynamics – sudden shifts in dynamics • Organ, harpsichord, clavichord: narrow dynamic changes • Organ and harpsichord – incapable of gradual dynamic changes • Clavichord – very small piano-like instrument • Capable of gradual dynamic changes, but only within small range (ppp-mp)

  28. LISTENING FOR TERRACED DYNAMICS • Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah • George Frederic Handel • Listen for trumpet and timpani

  29. (SHMRFT) cont… Texture • Early Baroque: homophonic • Late Baroque: usually polyphonic • Soprano and Bass: most important • Imitation • Some vocal pieces may switch texture for change of mood

  30. SHMRFT, cont… Texture, cont… • Music depicts specific meanings (word painting) • “heaven” – high, “hell” – low, “grief” – descending chromatic scale • Words emphasized by writing many rapid notes for a single syllable of text - mellismas • Technique also demonstrated singer’s virtuosity

  31. LISTENING TO MELLISMAS • Ev’ry Valley Shall Be Exalted from Messiah • George Frederic Handel

  32. THE BAROQUE ORCHESTRA • 10-40 players • Based on instruments of violin family • Main parts • Basso continuo – harpsichord & cello or bass & bassoon • Upper strings – 1st and 2nd violins & violas

  33. Use of woodwind, brass, percussion varied • Other instruments could be added – recorder, flute, oboe, trumpet, horns, trombone, timpani • Trumpet & timpani joined in for festive music

  34. LISTENING FOR FESTIVE TRUMPET • Gloria from Gloria in D Major • Antonio Vivaldi

  35. Different than modern orchestra: • 4 groups of instruments • Trumpet was different, no valves • Difficult to play, associated with royalty • Trumpeters were the top of the orchestra ladder • Treated like military officers

  36. BAROQUE FORMS • movement – a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition • each movement: • has its own themes • comes to a definite end • is separated from the next movement by a brief pause

  37. 3-Part: ABA • 2-Part: AB • Through-composed • Always contrast between bodies of sound • Examples: • alteration between small and large groups of instruments • Voices and instruments

  38. VOCABULARY • Galileo • Newton • Baroque • Ornamentation • Opera • Affections • Basso continuo • Figured Bass • Realization • Terraced dynamics • Sequences • Clavichord • Orchestra

  39. GROUP PRESENTATIONS Isaac NewtonBaroque DanceFamous Baroque Operas Alec Camp Dominique Flyte Chris Pearson Aaron Brunnworth Claire Chandler Nate Novak Taimoor Aziz Emma Brown Ryan Kaminsky Nick Caban Julian Harvey Blake Noud Galileo Baroque Royal Courts Bilal Aziz Phil Kosydor Jacob Burns Kalyn Moore Kieryn Beyerl Andrew Drake Anna Stamer Sami Greytak

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