1840 - 1860

1. 1840 - 1860 A Clustering of Innovation

2. Let the Clustering Begin! • 1841 Calotype (Talbot) • 1842 Cyanotype (Herschel) • 1840’s Albumen (Talbot, Niepce, Blanquart- Evard) • 1851 Collodion (Archer) • 1850’s Ambrotype (Archer, Fry) • 1853 Tintype (Martin) • 1856 Oxymel (Llewelyn)

3. 1841 - Calotype Process • Positive/Negative process introduced by Fox Talbot • Paper brushed with weak salt and silver nitrate solution • Competed with the Daguerreotype

4. Calotype vs. Daguerreotype • Advantages • could make an unlimited number of prints • retouching could be done on negative or print • prints on paper were easier to examine, less delicate • had warmer tones • Disadvantages • arrested by patent restrictions • materials less sensitive to light, longer exposure time • imperfections of paper reduced quality • process had two stages positive/negative, took longer • prints tended to fade with time

5. 1842 - Cyanotype • Introduced by Sir John Herschel • Used iron salts instead of silver compounds • Highly stable • Brilliant blue images • Most popular around the turn of the century • Used for architectural blueprints

6. Late 1840’s - Albumen • Introduced by Abel Niepce • Search to combine best of Daguerreotype and Calotype • Albumen (the white of an egg) used as a binder on glass • Fine detail, improved quality, but slow process time • Blanquart-Evrard took albumen and used it on paper • Process kept chemical “on the paper”, not in it which produced finer detail and glossy • Some critics of the glossy image

7. 1851 - Collodion • Introduced by Frederick Scott Archer • Used gun cotton as a binding agent • Used glass plates, very sharp images, better quality than Daguerreotype and Calotype • Difficult process and somewhat dangerous • Never patented, allowed further innovations to spawn from it

8. 1850’s - Ambrotype • Introduced by Fred Scott Archer and Peter Fry • Inexpensive • No lateral reversal • Could be viewed from any angle

9. 1853 - Tintype • Introduced by Adolphe Alexandre Martin • Used enamelled tinplate instead of glass • One step process, no negative • Inexpensive • Robust

10. 1856 - Oxymel • Introduced by J. D. Llewelyn • One of the first “Dry” processes to be used • Illustrated Evening News hailed it as a considerable advance • Negatives prepared in advance and later developed at leisure