代名詞 Pronouns

1. 代名詞 Pronouns 1. 人稱代名詞personal pronoun： I, you, he, she, we, it, they 2. 指示代名詞 demonstrative pronoun： this, that, these, those 3. 不定代名詞indefinitive pronoun： some, any, both, all, either, no等 4. 疑問代名詞 interrogative pronoun： who, whose, what 等 5. 關係代名詞 relative pronoun： who, whose, whom, that, what 等

2. 人稱代名詞 • 人稱代名詞 (代表人事物) 根據它們在句子中不同的用法而改變型態。因此，I被用做句子的主詞 (I am happy.)，me以不同的方式被用做受詞 (He hit me. He gave me a book. Do this for me.)，而 my被用做所有格 (That’s my car.)。其他人稱代名詞亦然：單數的 you 和 he/she/it以及複數的 we，you和 they。這些型態被稱為「主格」 • 所有格代名詞往往做主詞用，這就是所謂的主格所有格(nominative possessive)：mine, yours, ours, theirs。 • Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful. This new car is mine. Mine is newer than yours.

3. 指示代名詞 • 指示代名詞 (this/that/these/those/such)係在指向名詞：That is incredible! I will never forget this. Such is my belief.我們可以使用這些代名詞來表達時間和空間上的相對距離感：These pancakes [在我盤子內的薄煎餅] are delicious. Those pancakes [我昨天早上吃的薄煎餅] were even better. This child [站在我前面的小孩] is well behaved; that child [我現在所指，在那邊操場上的小孩] is obnoxious. • 我們也可以使用指示代名詞來表達情緒上的距離感，甚至輕蔑：Then all of a sudden he started going out with thisgirl. You're going to wearthese?在口說的句子中，這種用法的代名詞必須重讀，亦即句子的重音所在。

4. 不定代名詞 • 不定代名詞 (everybody/anybody/somebody/all/each/every/some/none)無法代替特定的名詞，但它們的功能是當名詞用：Everyone is wondering if any is left. • 我們在使用不定代名詞時所遭遇的主要困難之一是，"everybody"讓人覺得它是指一個人以上，但卻使用單數動詞(Everybodyis accounted for.)。如果你把這個字想成意謂「每一個體」(every single body)，這項困惑和混淆往往就消失無蹤了。再者，不定代名詞 none可以是單數或複數，視上下文而定。some也可以是單數或複數，視它是指可數或不可數名詞而定。 • 除上述外，我們還有其他不定代名詞；它們就是兼做限定詞用的字： • enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some

5. 疑問代名詞 (Interrogative Pronouns) • 疑問代名詞 (who/which/what) 引導疑問句： • What is that? Who will help me? Which do you prefer? Which通常用在比 what更特定的情況。 • Which questions give you the most trouble? • 是問那一個特定問題最讓你頭痛。 • What questions give you most trouble? • 是問何種問題最讓你頭痛。 • 疑問代名詞亦可做為限定詞： • It doesn't matter which beer you buy. He doesn't know whose car he hit. • 在這種限定詞角色中，它們有時也被稱為疑問形容詞 (interrogative adjectives)。

6. 關係代名詞 • 關係代名詞 (who/whoever/which/that)將一組字與名詞或其他代名詞產生關係： • The studentwhostudies hardest usually does the best. • who這個字將主詞 student與附屬子句中的動詞 studies連接起來或使它們產生關係。 • 如何在 which和 that之間以及 who和 whom之間做出正確的選擇，可能是英文文法中很重要的問題。

7. 不定關係代名詞(indefinite relative pronouns) • whoever, whomever, whatever -- 也稱為不定關係代名詞 。 • The coach will select whomever he pleases. • He seemed to say whatever came to mind. • Whoever crosses this line first will win the race. • What通常也是當不定關係代名詞用： • She will tell you what you need to know.

8. 加強語氣代名詞(Intensive Pronouns) • 加強語氣代名詞(如myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves) ： • 是由人稱代名詞加self或selves所組成，係在強調名詞： I myself don't know the answer. • 加強語氣代名詞可能放在它所指的名詞前面，但這相當罕見： Myself, I don't believe a word he says.

9. 反身代名詞 (Reflexive Pronouns) • 反身代名詞 (字型與加強語氣代名詞一樣) 表示句子的主詞也接受動詞的動作： 1. Students who cheat on this quiz are only hurting themselves. You paid yourself a million dollars? 2. She encouraged herselfto do well. • 反身代名詞為第一人稱 Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle. • 若沒有第一人稱時則為第二人稱： You and Carlos have deceived yourselves.

10. 不定代名詞one有其自己的反身代名詞(One must have faith in oneself.)，但其他不定代名詞則以himself或themselves做為反身代名詞。 • 可使用複數的反身代名詞以避免累贅的himself 或 herself結構。 例： No one here can blame himself or herself. • 可以下句來表達 The people here cannot blame themselves.

11. 相互代名詞(Reciprocal Pronouns) • 相互代名詞： each other和one another。 1. Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas. They gave each other books ( or They gave books to each other)。 2. My mother and I give each other a hard time. 3. They gave one another books.(三個人以上) • 相互代名詞也可使用所有格型態： 1. They borrowed each other's ideas. 2. The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.

12. 代名詞的一貫性 • 如果你是指 you，或 we，或 I，或 one，那麼在句子中前後都要維持相同的。 In Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, we find the narrator to be one of the few successful characters in terms of moral development. However, even the narrator,you soon realize, is seriously flawed. ( X ) • In Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, we find the narrator to be one of the few successful characters in terms of moral development. However, even the narrator,we soon realize, is seriously flawed.

13. People enjoy themselves immensely at UConn women's basketball games. You don't have to be an expert in basketball to get caught up in the crowd's enthusiasm. ( X ) • 我們可以改寫成： • People enjoy themselves immensely at UConn women's basketball games. One doesn't have to be an expert in basketball to get caught up in the crowd's enthusiasm. (然而，"one" 過於正式和拘謹。) • 大多數寫作者可能會比較喜歡這樣改： • People enjoy themselves immensely at UConn women's basketball games. It isn't necessary to be an expert in basketball to get caught up in the crowd's enthusiasm.

15. 反身代名詞

16. 反身代名詞的用法 • 加強用法 (作名詞、代名詞的同位語) 1. I saw myself. = I myself saw her. 2. The soldiers themselves don’t know what’s going on. 3. The soldiers don’t know what’s going on themselves. • 反身用法 (作動詞或介系詞的受詞) • 主詞與受詞為同一人時，受詞需用反身代名詞 1.She killed herself. 2. She looked at herself in the mirror. But 3.She carried some food with her. • 口語中代 替I, me等 1. The guests were Tom and myself ( = I ). 2. They invited my sister and myself ( = me ).

17. 1. This is a picture ofhers (=her pictures). (這是她擁有的照片或所照的照片。) 2. This is a picture ofher own. (這是她本人的照片。) 3. This is her picture. (這是她擁有的照片；她本人所照的照片；她本人的照片；她的照片。) • 抽象名詞+ itself = all + 抽象名詞= very + 形容詞 • He is kindness itself. = He is all kindness. = He is very kind.

18. 人稱代名詞的使用(一) • 在口語中，第一人稱通常用受格代名詞作主詞補語 Q: Who is it? A: It’s me. (informal) It’s I. (formal) • 第三人稱宜維持主格形式 1. That’s she at the door now. 2. It is he who will be blamed for it.

19. 人稱代名詞的使用(二) • 及物動詞 I like you as much as he. =I like you as much as he likes you. I like you as much as him. =I like you as much as I like him. I know you better than he. =I know you better than he knows you. I know you better than him. =I know you better than I know him.

20. 不及物動詞 You are as tall as she. ( formal) =You are as tall as her. (informal) He is two years older than I. (formal) He is two years older than me. (informal) • 作補語的人稱代名詞的格 I thought that it (主格) was he (主格). I thought it (受格) to be him(受格).

21. we、you和they可泛指一般人 1. Whenever you see an ant, you will find it working. 2. We should help the poor. 3. They say (People say) we should have a new school. • 人稱代名詞順序 (兩個人以上時) • 單數：按 2. 3. 1.人稱的排列 You, he, and I are attending the same school. • 複數：按 1. 2. 3.人稱的排列 We, you, and they are all present at the meeting.

22. 指示代名詞 • this (these), that (those), such, the same, so • this, these指較近的人或物，that, those指較遠的人或物。 • that, those可代替前面提過的名詞 (the + 有關的前述名詞)。 1. The voice of woman is softer than that of man. 2. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. 3. His actions are those ( = the actions ) of a fool. • this, that可代替前面提過的句子或子句。 I did not go. This made him very angry. I make mistakes, and that very often. (…and that + adv.)

23. 前 者……後 者 Health is above wealth, for this is not so important as that. Autumn brings pears and grapes with it. Those are juicier than these. My brother was quarreling with the lawyer; the one was cool, and the other was furious with angry. Canada and the United States are in North America; the former lies north of the latter.

24. those (or they) who + V.(複數)= the people who + V.(複數) = one (or he) who + V.(單數) • Those (or They) who are diligent are sure to succeed. = One (or He ) who is diligent is sure to succeed. • that which = what That which is good is most valuable. = What is good is most valuable.

25. 提及已完成的事情用that，即將發生的事情用this。提及已完成的事情用that，即將發生的事情用this。 “I’ve finished my homework, Mom.” →“That was nice.” “I’m going to do my homework, Mom.” →“This will be nice.” • this和 that可以指在電話中通話的雙方；美國人用this指雙方，英國人則用this指自己，用that指對方。 Hello. This is Jane. (英和美一樣)……….自己 (美) Who’s this speaking, please? ………對方 =(英) Who’s that speaking, please?………對方

26. 在口語中，this和that可以作副詞用，置於形容詞前代替so的含義。在口語中，this和that可以作副詞用，置於形容詞前代替so的含義。 1. I didn’t realize it was going to be this far (so far). 2. This fish is that big (so big). • this …..that (這個…那個) 可代表沒確定的對象。 He says this, and she says that; whom should I believe?

27. such的用法 • such作代名詞用，指如此的人或事物 He is a child, and much be treated as such ( = a child ). • such + (adj.) + n.(單數或複數；抽象名詞) 1.I have never seen sucha pretty girl.(單數） 2.I have never seen such pretty girls.（複數） 3.I have never heard such nice music. (抽象名詞)

28. such & so • such …a (n) + adj. + N. + that = so + adj. (adv.) (+ a + N.) ….that 1. Mary is sucha kind girl that everybody likes her. = Mary is so kind agirl that everybody likes her. =Mary’s kindness is such that everybody likes her. 2. They are such kind girls that we like them. = they are so kind that we like them.

29. such….as = like • I have never heard of such a great man as he. =I have never herd of a great man like him. • such as = for example • He knows many languages, such as ( = for example) Chinese, English and French. • such + N + as = those (+N) who (or which) {其中的as為關係代名詞} • Avoid suchmenas will do you harm. =Avoid those (men) who will do you harm.

30. the same的用法 • 作代名詞用 He bought a new house, but soon sold the same. • 作形容詞用 This is the same watch as I lost. • 作副詞用 Old people do not feel the same about these things as the younger generation.

31. so 的用法 • 當動詞之受詞，代替提過的內容 A: It’s going to rain. B: Yes, I think so. • so is she 和 so she is的區別 He is rich, and sois she (= she is too). He is rich. So he is. (同一人)

32. I don’tthinkso. (O) / I don’texpectso. (O) I thinknot. (X) / I expectnot. (X) • I don’thopeso. (X) / I don’tguessso. (X) I hopenot. (O) / I guess so. (O) • I don’tbelieveso. = I believenot. I don’t supposeso. = I supposenot.

33. one • 代表「任何人」，所有格為 one’s，反身代名詞為 oneself，在口語中常用 we, you, everyone 來代替 (general one) One has to do one’s duty = One has to do his duty well. = We have to do our duty well. = You have to do your duty well. = Everyone to do his duty well. • 代替前文中己出現的可數名詞 (複數用ones) • I haven’t a pencil. Can you lend me one?

34. not all & not both • 部份否定 • All the girls did not leave early. • Not all the girls left early. • Not both the girls left early. • 全部否定 • All the girls didnot leave early. = None of the girls left early. • Both (the) girls didn’t leave early. = Neither of the girls left early.

35. either, any, neither & none • 代名詞 • He has two sisters. Do you know either of them? • I know neither of them. • He has three sisters. Do you know any of them? • I know none of them. • none不能當形容詞 • The trees are planted on neither side of the road. =No trees are planted on either side of the road. • None trees are planted on either side of the road. (X) • He didn’t get any book (books) from the room.

36. either, any, neither & none • 副詞 • If you don’t go, neither will I. (I won’t either) • He didn’t go, and neither did I. • I am none the wiser for his explanation. (none + 比較級) • He did it none too well. (none 在 too 之前) • Is he any better today?

37. one, other, others, another, some • I have two brothers. Oneis a lawyer, and the other is a teacher. • I have four brothers. Oneis a lawyer, and the othersare soldiers. • There are three men. Oneis blind, anotheris deaf, and the other is lame. • Some of the books are written in English; the others (the other books) are in Chinese. • When I come to the classroom every morning, I find some classmates are talking, othersare studying, and still others are cleaning the floor.

38. There is something on the table. • Is there anything on the table? • There is not anything on the table. • Is somebody here? (希望有肯定的答案) • →I think somebody is here. • Anybody can do this. • I gave him somethingspecial. • Have you got anything to do? • Would you like to buy anythingelse?

39. 特殊意義 • somebody • He thinks he is (a) someday. • nobody • In fact, he is (a) nobody. • anybody • If you want to be anybody, you must work hard.

40. 慣用語 • He is anything but a poet. • He has something (nothing) to do with the company. • He is, if anything, a little wiser than I. • All my efforts have come to nothing. • The baby does nothing but cry. (only) • It is nothing more than a shower. (only) • It is nothing less than an invasion. (completely) • The book is good for nothing. • What is she to you? →She is nothing to me.