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Luciano Bani , Dario Massimino, L uciana Bottoni and Renato Massa

FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL C OMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE. 6 th International Association for Landscape Ecology World Congress Darwin (NT, Australia) 13th - 17th July 2003. Luciano Bani , Dario Massimino, L uciana Bottoni and Renato Massa.

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Luciano Bani , Dario Massimino, L uciana Bottoni and Renato Massa

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  1. FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE 6th International Association for Landscape EcologyWorld CongressDarwin (NT, Australia) 13th - 17th July 2003 Luciano Bani,Dario Massimino, Luciana Bottoni andRenato Massa BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION UNIT DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA – MILANO, ITALY

  2. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

  3. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE OBJECTIVE and EFFECTIVE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK PLANNING • IDENTIFICATION OF: • Core Areas with their Buffer Zones • Linear Corridors • Diffuse Corridors • Stepping Stones • BASIC KNOWLEDGE: • Minimum area requirements • Disruption of landscape connectivity • Patch connectivity  species gap-crossing abilities • Patterns of habitat destruction  connectivity maintained across multiple scales (from coarse to fine) • Species-specific landscape connectivity • Functional connection

  4. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data MODEL FOCAL SPECIES identification Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Landscape Connectivity: Focal species Diffusion Resistance map Focal species Observed Abundance map Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES CORRIDORS

  5. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate …

  6. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA (used for the Multiple-scale Model of the Potential Suitability Map) Digital Elevation Model CORINE Land Cover level 3

  7. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data

  8. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE Alps Orobie mountains divide Continental valley Prealps BIRD CENSUS DATA Orange dots: Focal species (974) Small grey dots: point counts (5.000+) Lowland Apennines

  9. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data FOCAL SPECIES identification

  10. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE BROAD-LEAVED FOREST FOCAL SPECIES (selection based on environmental selectivity and rarity; see Bani et al. 2002) NUTHATCH Sitta europaea MARSH TIT Parus palustris SHORT-TOED TREECREPER Certhia brachydactyla

  11. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data MODEL FOCAL SPECIES identification Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map

  12. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE FOCAL SPECIES POTENTIAL SUITABILITY MAP obtained by Multiple-Scale Multivariate Linear Model • Selection of useful data to perform the model (see Bani et al. 2002) • Measuring of environmental variables on different scales (500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m, 5000 m radius plot centered in each point count) • Development of Multiple Linear Regression model with stepwise variable selection • Model validation by leave-more-out technique

  13. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE POTENTIAL SUITABILITY (Expected abundance) birds/point count > 1 0.75-1 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 <0.25

  14. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data MODEL FOCAL SPECIES identification Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Observed Abundance map

  15. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAP birds/point count (Kernel interpolation, R=2500 m) > 1 0.75-1 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 <0.25

  16. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE COMPARISON BETWEEN POTENTIAL AND OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAPS POTENTIAL SUITABILITY (Expected abundance) Birds/point counts OBSERVED ABUNDANCE MAP birds/point count

  17. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION • Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance one? • In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the potential suitable areas?

  18. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE HABITAT STRUCTURE I’m a Short-toed Treecreeper and I prefer old and creviced trees young stage old growth stage

  19. Trunk sections Basal area measurement point Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE HABITAT STRUCTURE FOR OLD-GROWTH FOREST SPECIES Tree trunk size (DBH) measurement Mirror relascope for Basal area measurement

  20. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL FOREST VARIABLES • Effect of “Tree trunk size composition”: evaluated by means of the diameter of each 10th percentile of 100 sample tree series • Effect of “Basal area”:evaluated by means of the surface occupied by trunks per hectare of woodland • (Necessary to evaluate the surface occupied by the above series)

  21. 3 2 1 4 5 6 7 9 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE 15 SAMPLE AREAS FOR FOREST STRUCTURE SURVEY

  22. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE EXAMPLES OF STATISTICS

  23. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL WOODLAND VARIABLES: trunk diameters Minimum optimal diameters series (green)Minimum acceptable diameters series (red)

  24. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE

  25. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK EVALUATION • Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance one? • In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the potential suitable areas? • Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of Core areas?

  26. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE CORE AREAS IDENTIFICATION  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data MODEL FOCAL SPECIES identification Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Focal species Observed Abundance map Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES

  27. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE Effective core areas in study area Potential core areas outside study area

  28. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE  Land use  Geomorphology  Geology Idrology  Climate … Census Data MODEL FOCAL SPECIES identification Focal species Potential Suitability (Expected abundance) map Landscape Connectivity: Focal species Diffusion Resistance map Focal species Observed Abundance map Effective CORE AREAS and BUFFER ZONES CORRIDORS

  29. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE RESISTANCE =1/(suitability+0.001)-1 0-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-3 3-10

  30. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE Effective core areas in study area Potential core areas outside study area Network > 1 (Potential suitability) 0.75-1 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50 <0.25

  31. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE Fragment size vs Landscape connectivity (or Resistance) vs Forest structure

  32. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TOENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY ANDHABITAT STRUCTURE Fragment size & Landscape connectivity (or Resistance) & Forest structure

  33. Bani, Massimino, Bottoni and Massa FOCAL SPECIES RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITION, LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY AND HABITAT STRUCTURE CONCLUSIONS • Why the Focal species Potential suitability (Expected abundance) map may differ from the Focal species Observed abundance one? • In other words: why focal species don’t inhabit all the potential suitable areas? • Because the habitats may differ in their organization (structure) and/or in floristic composition. • Does the fragment dimension affect the effectiveness of Core areas? • No…if fragments are well connected!

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