Reconstruction and Its Effects

1. Reconstruction and Its Effects Chapter 15

2. Reconstruction Plans Differ Section 1

3. Plans Differ Three questions to answer after the war: What were the four million newly freed black people in the South to do? What was to happen to the Southern states? Who had the right to determine how the states entered?

4. Lincoln Hopes to Heal Wounds Important purpose of the war was to show that secession was illegal Lincoln wanted a Reconstruction that would be mild and forgiving. Easy and painless re-entry

5. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1863 Granted pardons to all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the Union and promise to obey its laws Did not include high officials and those accused of crimes against P.O.W.s

6. Under the Proclamation� Confederate state could form a government as soon as 10% of voters took the oath to uphold the Constitution Once done- the state could send members to Congress

7. Everyone was not happy� Did not satisfy Congress Radicals wanted to destroy the slave holders class Wanted to give blacks full rights

8. The Radicals Propose their Plan Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Radical�s idea Proposed that Congress be in charge of Reconstruction A majority of the state�s population had to take an oath Swear that they never supported the Confederacy in any way

9. Lincoln�s Reaction Did not condemn the Radical�s plan Killed the bill with a pocket veto Failed to become a law

10. Radical Republican�s Response Said that Lincoln�s pocket veto was �stupid outrage� and declared that Congress was more supreme to the President Congress said that the areas were territories and since Congress controlled territory matters it should be up to them

11. March 1865 Arkansas and Louisiana sent representatives to Congress Radicals would not let them take their seats Lincoln died Andrew Johnson was the new President- many said that he lacked the qualities to deal with the new problem

12. Johnson Continues Lincoln�s Policy He announced that he would continue with Lincoln�s plan

13. Johnson Continues Lincoln�s Policy Readmitted to the Union if Declare its secession illegal Swear allegiance to the Union (10%) Promise not to pay any Confederate debt Ratify the 13th Amendment

14. South Takes Advantage Easy terms means many rejoin 58 men arrive in Washington to take their seats back in January 1865 Johnson gave men pardons that were Confederate Generals and other high ranking officials

15. Johnson�s Vetoes Enrage Republicans Freedmen�s Bureau- gave food and clothing to former slaves and needy whites Set up 74 teacher �training establishments to train both black and white women to teach the newly freed slaves

16. Johnson�s Vetoes Enrage Republicans Congress voted to continue the Bureau with more money Congress voted to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (gave blacks citizenship ) Johnson vetoed both

17. They said, He said Congress said that Johnson did it to protect the South Johnson said that Congress overstepped their bounds and the authors of the Constitution would not want that

18. The Black Codes Keep Freed Slaves Down Black Codes- laws aimed at regulating the economic and social lives of freed slaves Blacks wandered the South because they did not know what to do or were looking for family

19. Black Codes Large groups infuriated the white south Thus passed Black Codes to keep the Blacks in an inferior position �Twilight zone between slavery and freedom�

20. Black Codes Handout A small discussion to follow ?

21. The Radicals Gain Control Section 2

22. Andrew�s Problems Congress failed to recognize the states Gained 2/3 majority they were able to override the vetoes Thaddeus Stevens-leader of Radical Republicans in Congress

23. 14th Amendment is Adopted 1866 Congress voted to override the veto on the Freedmen�s Bureau Drafted the 14th Amendment Made �all persons born or naturalized in the US� citizens

24. Citizens entitled to� 1. Equal protection of the law 2. No state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law

25. South Rejects the Amendment Congress adopted the amendment and then sent it off to the States Johnson advised the Southern states to reject it because it was too harsh Congress wanted even stronger measures to be passed

26. Radicals Control Congress 1866 election focused on who should control Reconstruction Johnson toured the country telling people to vote for those that favored his ideas Disaster because of his language and hot temper

27. Radicals Control Congress Race riots broke out in the South Showed that the federal government had to take action 2/3 majority has been reach and spring 1867 they put their plan into action

28. The First Reconstruction Act 1. Divided all states into five military zones (except TN) 2. Civilian courts replaced by military tribunals 3. Each district was placed under a major general who was to oversee drawing up a new Constitution

29. The First Reconstruction Act 4. Constitution had to give black men the right to vote 5. Before admittance to Union the state had to ratify the 14th Amendment *Johnson vetoed it* Congress overrode the veto Troops were sent to keep the peace that summer

30. Tenure of Office Act Turned attention to getting rid of Johnson Radicals felt that he was not doing his job carrying out the First Reconstruction Act (removed military officers who were helping black people)

31. Tenure of Office Act Radicals began to lay the groundwork for impeachment Tenure of Office Act-Presidents could not remove cabinet officers they appointed without consent (2/3) of the Senate Breaking the act would be considered a �high misdemeanor� Johnson fired Edwin Stanton

32. Johnson is Impeached February 24, 1868 the House voted to impeach the President

33. Two Questions to be Answered: 1. Had the Tenure of Office Act been fairly applied? No. Stanton was appointed by Lincoln 2. Did Johnson bring on �disgrace, ridicule��on Congress? Question was political not legal

34. Grant is Elected- 1868 Democrat- Horatio Seymore Republican- Ulysses S. Grant Grant elected with 214 to 80 in the electoral college 1% of blacks voted (500,000) highly in favor of Grant

35. Fifteenth Amendment Black vote very important to Republicans Feared that Southern whites may try to limit the black vote Introduced the 15th Amendment- no one could be kept from voting because of color or previously being a slave

36. Radical Reconstruction is Enforced Section 3

37. Radical Reconstruction Lasted from 1867 to 1877 when the troops were withdrawn from the South Governments were formed to favor whites after the troop removal

38. Plantations are Divided Thaddeus Stevens promised every free man �forty acres and a mule� Planned to take plantations from many �chief rebels� They never did because private property was a basic American right

39. Sharecropping and Tenet Farming Plantation owners had land but no one to work them Landowners divided their land and gave each worker land, a few seeds, and tools 2/3 of harvest had to go to the land owner

40. Pros and Cons Had some independence and could keep part of what they produced Did not allow for much money making and people were poor Became dependent on two crops

41. African Americans Serve in Government More Black voters in the South Out of 125 Southerners elected only 16 were Black Hiram Revels-graduated from Knox College and was a minister

42. Scalawags Profit Scalawags- white Southerners who joined the Republican party; they wanted the South to form industry Some were selfish in their endeavors to get elected, they would take blacks to the polls, pad voting lists, and stuff ballot boxes

43. Carpetbaggers Profit Northerners who moved South after the war Some felt a moral obligation to help former slaves, wanted warmer climate, set up new industry

44. State Governments Bring Mixed Results One side there conditions improved On the other side there was widespread corruption

45. Positive and Negative Side New Constitutions allowed black suffrage and eliminated the property requirement New Orleans had set up a segregation system

46. Secret Societies Oppose Reconstruction Found it difficult to accept that blacks were voting and taking part in government Few turned to terrorism and violence

47. Ku Klux Klan Tennessee in 1866 Group pretended to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers Determined to bring down Reconstruction governments and drive blacks away from polling places back to the fields

48. Ku Klux Klan Secret societies began burning black-owned cabins and churches 1868-1871 reported to have killed several thousand people Leader- Grand Wizard Nathaniel Bedford Forest (tried to get group disbanded when became too violent)

49. Force Acts To curtail violence Congress passed Federal supervision of elections President the power to declare martial law Klan temporarily died out

50. Reconstruction Efforts Come to an End Section 4

51. Grant�s Administration is Corrupt 1872 Grant elected for a second term Treasury Department- allowed for kickbacks from tax collections Whiskey Ring- took millions of dollars from the government�s tax on whiskey 228 people indicted Secretary of War- took bribes from Indian Territory merchants Other areas were Secretary of Navy, Secretary of Interior

52. A Depression Strikes the North 1873 Economy was up and businesses borrowed large amounts of money Banks became overextended

53. The 1876 Election is Disputed Republicans ran Rutherford B. Hayes Democrats ran Samuel J. Tilden Tilden received 184 electoral votes to Hayes 165 20 votes were up in the air

54. 1876 Election Disputed votes sent to a commission 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats Voted along party lines and gave all 20 votes to Hayes

55. White Supremacy is Restored By 1890 new ways were adopted to keep blacks away from polling booths

56. Emergence of Poor Whites Poor whites had a hard time coming around to the new attitudes about blacks Did not like the job competition in mining fields Only thing the poor whites had was the fact that they were white and they were superior

57. Political Restrictions New voting regulations were adopted Drawn around 14 and 15th Amendment but contained subtle discrimination

58. Political Restrictions Literacy Tests Poll Taxes Kept many poor whites and blacks from voting Grandfather Clause- even if a man passed the literacy test, paid the poll tax, he could not vote unless his grandfather had been eligible to vote

59. Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws-segregation in all public facilities Passed in 1881 in Tennessee Applied to schools, railroad cars, hospitals, restaurants

60. �Separate but Equal� Plessy v. Ferguson-Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races was legal Plessy sued because he had been denied a seat on a railroad car Facilities may be separate as long as they are equal

61. Reconstruction Fails to Achieve Equality Purpose of Radical Reconstruction was to give blacks equality 2 mistakes: 1. Assumed that giving the right to vote blacks could protect themselves politically 2. Gave land to railroads and not blacks so they could support themselves

62. Fredrick Douglass � You gave us no acres. You turned us loose to the sky, to the storm, to the whirlwind, and the worst of all, you turned us loose to the wrath of our infuriated masters.�

63. Reconstruction did not Fail The most successful outcomes were the passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments