Musical Texture (Harmony), Form, and Style

1. Musical Texture (Harmony), Form, and Style How musical lines interact

2. What is Musical Texture (Harmony)? • Musical Texture refers to a number of different characteristics of music • Texture is the number of ________ __________ • It refers to whether each line is a ______ or ________ part • _________ refers to how each part relates to each other • Can be described as _____, _____, _____, _____ • Variations in texture can create _______and drama • We will look at three basic textures (harmonies) • Monophonic • Polyphonic • Homophonic

3. Monophonic Texture- “One Sound” • __________ means that there is one melodic line with no harmony or accompaniment • If multiple voices or instruments are playing in ________, it is still Monophonic • Examples of monophonic music • Singing a solo a capella (Whitney Houston, “I Will Always Love You” • Gregorian chant • ____________ instrumental sonatas (Baroque)

4. Polyphonic Music- “Many Sounds” • Polyphonic means that there are ____ or _____ melodic lines of _______ importance • Technique of writing several melodic lines that interact is called _____________ • Often uses _________, which is when one voice or instrument presents a melodic idea, then another voice repeats it • Not always exact imitation • Examples of polyphonic music • _______, fugues, (Little Fugue in G minor ) and canons (Pachelbel’s Canon in D) • __________ ________

5. Homophonic Music- “Same Sounds” • Homophonic means there is one main _____ with a less important accompaniment • Accompaniment could be as simple as ______, or it could be more complex • If a line in the accompaniment starts to stand out and become more important, then the texture changes to __________ • Examples of ___________ music • Melody and accompaniment (Alan Jackson – “The Old Rugged Cross”) • Traditional hymn arrangements (Traditional – “The Old Rugged Cross”) • Homophonic writing using chords

6. Farandoleby Georges Bizet • Has two themes: a _____ theme and a ____ theme • Starts with the march theme in a ____________ texture, then then violins and violas play a _____________ section (fugue like) • The high woodwinds then play the dance theme in a _______________ texture • After the full orchestra plays the dance theme, the strings play a ____________ version of the march theme • Listen for other changes in texture

7. “Hallelujah” by Georg Frideric Handel • Switches rapidly between all three textures • Word “Hallelujah” is usually homophonic, with some imitative polyphony • “For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth” is usually monophonic • “And he shall reign” is always polyphonic • Changes in texture create _______ for each section of the piece

8. MUSICAL FORM Three techniques that create Form Repetition Allows the listener to become familiar with a ______ or ______ Often used with another technique Contrast Can be a change in an _______________, i.e. melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, tempo, timbre; mood can be changed as well Variation ________ of a musical idea so it’s different but still recognizable Entire pieces can be composed using this technique Example – Variation on America by Charles Ives Listen and Illustrate the “Theme and Variation” sections in the “Variations on America” (next page)

9. Illustrate (“Variations on America”) • Listen and Illustrate the “Theme and Variation” sections in the “Variations on America”

10. Two Major types of Form _________Form Two sections: A B Can be looked at as a ____________ of a _______ and then a counterstatement with a different theme. Any section can be repeated Example: “Gavotte from French Suite NO. 5 in G Major”By Johanne Sebastian Bach See next page for Listening Outline

11. Listening Outline (to be read while music is heard) • Listen and Illustrate the two sections in “Gavotte” by Bach

12. Illustrate “Dance of the Reeds” (from the Nutcracker) • Show the form through your illustration incorporating repetition and contrast

13. Two Major types of Form _________ Form Three sections: A B A Can be looked at as a ________ of a ______, a _________ ___________, and a return to the ______________ Each section can also be subdivided, as well Example: Dance of the Reed Pipesfrom The Nutcracker Suite- By Peter Tchaikovsky A section introduces the melody B section uses the trumpets and strings to vary the melody Return to the A section with the flutes Listen and Illustrate the three sections in the “Dance of the Reed Pipes” (on next page)

14. Two Part Songs – Verse/Chorus • Two part songs are _____. _______ music, _________ music, ____________ _________, and ______ _______are a few examples that follow the pattern of two parts utilizing a Verse/Chorus (Refrain) pattern. • Selena Gomez “Bang a Drum • Tim McGraw “Live Like You Were Dying” • Michael W. Smith – “Friends”

15. Rondo • Rondo is a __ or __ part song that alternates between the beginning ‘A’ section with other __________ sections ‘B’ and/or ‘C’. The ‘A’ section is the unifying _______ that holds the piece together. • 5 part Rondo pattern – ABACA • 7 Part Rondo pattern – ABACABA • Which pattern does the following selection follow? • Mozart – “Turkish March”

16. Theme and Variations • ___________ of the same melodic theme through out a musical composition. • Composition begins with a statement of the _____ idea • Each new part will use one or more _____ ______ to “____” or change this melodic idea without losing the theme • Listen to “American Salute” by Morton Gould • based on a ____ ____ tune “When Johnny Comes Marching Home” • Determine how many variations you year and complete one of the following for each variation: • Draw pictures to show the change in the variations as you hear them • Label and describe each new variation as you hear it

17. Theme and Variations • Use this page to illustrate or label and describe the variations heard in “American Salute” by Morton gould

18. Musical Style ____- a characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, timbre, texture, and form. Particular combinations create a _________ sound _________ from the same area, time, or country often use similar styles Musical styles change _______ ______ , but it is often gradual

19. Eras of Western Art Music Middle Ages (450-1450) Renaissance (1450-1600) Baroque (1600-1750) Classical (1750-1820) Romantic (1820-1900) Twentieth Century to 1945 1945 to the Present