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Lecture 2 Problem Structure Intro

Lecture 2 Problem Structure Intro. Quest for Symphony video. Three Types of Claims and Inferences. Normative claims: Claims about how the world SHOULD be Descriptive claims / inferences: Claims about how the world IS Inferences about the past which can’t observe

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Lecture 2 Problem Structure Intro

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  1. Lecture 2Problem Structure Intro

  2. Quest for Symphony video

  3. Three Types of Claimsand Inferences • Normative claims: • Claims about how the world SHOULD be • Descriptive claims / inferences: • Claims about how the world IS • Inferences about the past which can’t observe • Causal claims / inferences: • Claims about WHY the world is as it is • Inferences about causes which we can’t observe

  4. How environmental problems differ • “Problem structures” differ • Differences matter for: • Difficulty of resolving • Types of solutions that are politically possible • Types of solutions that are effective • Not all problems look alike

  5. Structure vs. Agency • Structural factors impose constraints • Intentions don’t always produce outcomes • Political, economic, social, technological factors are “structures” • Certain options not available • Other options not seriously considered • Agency still matters • Within constraints, human choices matter • “Free will vs. determinism” revisited

  6. Why environmental problemsmore common at international level? • Demand side – need for governance • More types of demands on resources • Larger amounts of demands on resources • Supply side – supply of governance • Ability to supply rules is more challenging • Interstate rivalry, nationalism, relative gains concerns • Ability to supply enforcement is more challenging

  7. Upstream/Downstream Problemse.g. Rhine Upstream States Interests Interests Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Environmental Impacts Some actors contribute Downstream State Interests

  8. Upstream/Downstream Problemse.g. Rhine Upstream States Interests Interests Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Environmental Impacts Some actors contribute; OTHERS are harmed Downstream State Interests

  9. Direct Tragedy of the Commonse.g. fisheries Interests Interests Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Environmental Impacts Everybody contributes Behaviors that resolve problem are SAME as those that cause it Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Interests

  10. Direct Tragedy of the Commonse.g. fisheries Interests Interests Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Environmental Impacts Everybody contributes; Everybodyis harmed Behaviors that resolve problem are SAME as those that cause it Harming/Mitigating Behaviors Interests

  11. Indirect Tragedy of the Commons Interests Interests Mitigating Behaviors Mitigating Behaviors Harming Behaviors Harming Behaviors Environmental Impacts Everybody contributes; Harming Behaviors Mitigating Behaviors Interests

  12. Indirect Tragedy of the Commons Interests Interests Mitigating Behaviors Mitigating Behaviors Harming Behaviors Harming Behaviors Environmental Impacts Everybody contributes; Everybodyis harmed Harming Behaviors Mitigating Behaviors Interests

  13. Indirect Tragedy of the Commonse.g. climate Interests Interests Mitigating Behaviors Mitigating Behaviors Harming Behaviors Harming Behaviors Environmental Impacts Everybody contributes; Everybodyis harmed BUT behaviors that resolve problem DIFFER from those that cause it Harming Behaviors Mitigating Behaviors Interests

  14. Other forms of variationin problem structure • Transparency of behaviors • Capacities • To engage in “good” behaviors • To engage in “bad” behaviors • Degree of value conflict • Distribution of power among actors • Contextual factors (e.g. Cold War, War on Terror)

  15. Variation in solutions • How to address climate change • Broad or deep first? • Intergovernmental, unilateral, local, NGO, MNC • Stringent with high noncompliance or loose with high compliance • All gases or just some • Mechanisms of influence on behavior: sticks, carrots, locks, opportunities, labels, sermons

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